“皇、帝、君、王”同义辨析

＂皇、帝、君、王＂是一组同义词,但学者历来对此有不同理解。古汉语同义词同中有异,本文试图把本组同义词以先秦至汉作为共时层面,上溯下联,共时与历时相结合,在一个词义的系统中运用多手段、多角度、多侧面、综合型的方法,精确地辨析该组词义。     

欧洲化国际化全球化 -高等学校何处去?

在欧洲高等教育的讨论中 ,欧洲化、国际化和全球化的概念看似接近 ,但各有所侧重 ,这些概念背后的观念甚至有很大的不同。本文透过令人眼花缭乱的讨论 ,对这些概念的内涵及其潜在的追求 ,以及相互之间的差别进行了分析 ,指出全球化的说法在很大程度上没有反映出高等教育发展的真实走向     

Insights about creativity: Questioned,rejected, ridiculed,ignored

The intent of the author was to identify some of his insights from creativity research which have not been widely accepted, describe what generated the insight, summarize the evidence in support of the insight, and to state what is at stake. It was soon evident that this was a larger task than could be accomplished in an article. The author stated the problem, discussed two examples, and identified fifteen of these insights. A few of them are supported by considerable research evidence but none of them have yet come into acceptance and widespread practice. Others are supported by enough research to convince the author but not enough to convince very many others. The author urges other investigators to examine these insights and to test the validity of some of them. New instruments will have to be created and developed. Longitudinal studies, statistical and qualitative, will be necessary. Experimental studies will also be needed. The author hopes that investigators will be intrigued by some of these insights and will be compelled to investigate them further. Who knows what a new generation of creative investigators will produce?     

火焰原子吸收法快速测定高纯锌中痕量Pb,Cd,Fe,Cu,Sb和Mn的含量

用HNO3溶解试样，配制6种元素混合标准系列溶液，用空气－乙炔火焰原子吸收法连续测定Pb,Cd,Fe,Cu,Sb和Mn的含量。建立了优化的仪器测定条件，并进行了相关的干扰实验。方法的回收率为98.9%-102.0%，相对标准偏差为1.8%-2.5%。     

Ethics,Education, Narrative Communication and Biography

A growing number of commentators and policy makers have recognised that in recent years there have been increasing signs of social dislocation and social disharmony within British society. These observations have considerable consequences for education and have been, in part, responsible for a revivification of an Aristotelian ethics of community and practicality. Additionally the topic is progressively engaging the attention of social philosophers such as Alasdair MacIntyre and Paul Ricoeur. It is in these terms that this paper advocates the importance of the concept of narrative for an understanding of the importance of selves within the educational sphere. It is argued that a possible way of 'contacting' disaffected pupils and young persons may be not so much through the established curriculum but rather by the encouragement of a mode of respect for others consequent upon the contemplation of biographies or lives close to them. It is not the intention of this paper to particularise a programme of curriculum implementation, but it is hoped that it may provide a place for discussion from which such initiatives may emerge.     

School and Society,April 1, 1977, to July 1, 1979

The subject of school and society is more comprehensive in the yearbook for 1979 than it usually is. Several factors are responsible for this: in the first place the reportage covers two years and in the second place it has been extended further, namely to March 30, so that it could cover both the school year and the parliamentary year, allowing us to report on legislative initiatives and the school debate around them in a mutually coherent way. Finally, material concerning the school has been much more abundant in the daily press now than earlier. This is both because some particularly important subjects have been debated, such as morning prayer, the Tvind school, and the U-90, and also because material concerning the school has been dealt with much more by the mass media than previously, and various events have been covered more comprehensively and in more newspapers than before.     

Secular trends in human growth, maturation, and development

Rates of growth during childhood have increased considerably during the past 50-100 years. Because they are associated with increased rates of maturation, these size increases are maximal at ages when recently measured groups are pubescent but those measured in the past had not reached pubescence. Large secular increases in rates of growth and maturation have occurred in all developed countries but not in many other countries. There have been secular increases in recumbent length at birth in Italy and France but little change in the United States. The secular increase in childhood stature is much more obvious, being about 1.5 cm/decade for 12-year-old children, although for young adults the secular increase in stature has been about 0.4 cm/decade in most developed countries. In the United States these trends have been similar for blacks and whites during childhood but greater for black men than white men. Similarly, secular trends in birth weights have been small, but there have been large trends for children (about 1.5 kg/decade for 12-year-olds). These secular changes in size have been associated with an acceleration of maturation that is most evident in the 0.3 years/decade advancement in age at menarche. This advancement has now ceased in Norway and England. The changes in body proportions during recent decades are less marked than those in body size. Leg length, particularly the length of the thigh, seems to have increased more than stature in men but not women; chest circumference has increased more rapidly than stature in each sex. The relationships between stature and weight have changed in different ways in various national groups. Similarly, the relative changes in head length and head breadth vary with the groups studied. Few sets of data allow conclusions about possible secular trends in body composition, but subcutaneous fat thicknesses have increased, especially at the upper percentiles. Also strength, which reflects muscle mass, has increased absolutely, although it has decreased relative to stature.Undoubtedly the secular trend is due to various factors; the identification of causes is necessarily speculative. Changes in nutrition alone could not account for the trends which exceed the original socioeconomic differentials. In the United States, there have been per capita increases in the intake of protein and fat from animal sources, decreases in carbohydrates and fat from vegetable sources, and little change in caloric intake. It is not clear that these changes constitute better nutrition. The secular trends could reflect environmental improvements, specifically changes in health practices and living conditions leading to improvements in mortality rates and life expectancy. These factors are interrelated with those concerning family size. Also genetic factors, especially heterosis, may have played a small role in causing the secular trends...     

Trauma,Meaning Making,and Loneliness in College Students

ABSTRACT

The present study (N = 621) explored relationships between meaning making (i.e., meaning presence and meaning search) and loneliness in college students who have experienced trauma. In addition, the study examined group differences in meaning variables and loneliness, comparing college students who have and have not experienced trauma. The results suggest that loneliness and meaning search are more present in college students who have experienced trauma. Further, meaning presence and meaning search both predict experiences of loneliness within this sample.     

Unionization,democracy, and the university

Legal status collective bargaining between faculty associations and university administrations has affected university governance and, on the whole, has done so positively by democratizing most of the procedures used to determine the terms and conditions of faculty employment. To the extent that matters hitherto within the mandates of academic senates have been removed to the collective bargaining regime, senates have been somewhat weakened. The greatest danger to democracy on the campus probably lies in the bureaucratization of faculty associations, thus leaving them open to the partial paralysis of creeping legalism.     

标准加入原子吸收法连续测定钴粉中微量Cu,Ca,Fe,Mn和Ni的含量

用HNO3溶解试样，在几个相同量的试液中，分别加入浓度依次递增的5 种元素的标准溶液，用空气－乙炔火焰原子吸收法连续测定Cu,Ca,Fe,Mn和Ni的含量，建立了优化的仪器测定条件，并对可能存在的元素进行了干扰实验，方法的回收率为98．4％－102．5％，相对标准偏差为1．9％－3．0％。     

Partnership Instability, School Readiness, and Gender Disparities

Trends in family formation during the past several decades have increased children's exposure to mothers' partnership instability, defined as an entrance into or exit from a coresidential union or a dating partnership. Instability, in turn, is associated with negative outcomes for children and adolescents. This study uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine associations between mothers' partnership instability and children's school readiness, differences between coresidential and dating transitions, and the moderating role of child gender. Mothers' partnership transitions are negatively associated with children's verbal ability and positively associated with boys' behavioral problems at age five. In general, coresidential and dating transitions have similar effects on school readiness. The findings have important implications for our understanding of the growing gender gap in educational attainment.     

计划、市场、区域政策与宏观经济布局

在计划经济体制下，国家计划统一投资对改善国民经济布局曾起过重要作用。随着国民经济规模的扩大、资源投入的增多、结构和布局的扩展．经济系统信息逐渐复杂化，经济主体目标逐渐多元化．集中计划配置资源布局经济则越来越受到局限；在市场经济体制下．市场通过微观布局的调整可以对宏观布局发挥调节作用．宏观计划和区域政策对优化宏观经济布局产生重要作用。     

School and Society,July 1, 1979, to June 30, 1980

The Elementary School [Folkeskole]

In the past year, the folkeskole has been better material for the media than any time in the past, and its circumstances, its tasks, its content, and its results have been commented upon and discussed in both the national and the local press. In the school year 1979-1980, there were 740,000 pupils enrolled in these schools, including kindergarten classes (Jyllandsposten 4/19). The number of children is decreasing as reported by central authorities from the Minister of Education, for example, in Politiken, 1/16, which at the same time reports that the development of the school has therefore become difficult to control, as many municipalities have reported, e.g., Frederikshavn Avis 3/13.     

Conviction,Confrontation, and Risk in New Teachers' Advocating for Equity

Through several collaborative inquiries with teachers in elementary and middle schools, we have noticed a troublesome trend: teachers have become familiar with many of the key terms and catchphrases of various constructivist discourses, yet they tend to be relatively unfamiliar with the developments in epistemology that have driven the rapid emergence of these vocabularies. In consequence, our efforts to invite teachers into current discussions of cognition have often been frustrated and frustrating. We argue that this situation is in large part due to two circumstances. First, the vocabularies chosen by constructivists are often too readily aligned with commonsense understandings of personal knowing and collective knowledge. Second, and closely related, educational theorists and researchers have not always been sufficiently attentive to the contexts of their work. As such, rather than prompting a break from deeply entrenched habits of thinking, constructivist discourses have often been co-opted to support renewed and regressive embraces of Platonic and Cartesian assumptions. Somewhat ironically, then, the work of many educational theorists and researchers appears to be carried out in ignorance of the tentative and participatory dynamics that are argued to be at the root of cognitive processes.     

On identity, diversity, and educational change

In this article, I discuss two areas of Andy Hargreaves’ scholarship, teachers’ identity and biography and the three periods of educational change spanning the 1960s to 1990s, that have influenced my work as a teacher educator and researcher. I describe research projects, including self-studies, in which I have examined the influence of teachers’ identities and biographies on their beliefs and practices of responding to student diversity. I also explore how the topic of teachers’ identity and biography are integrated into the courses I teach. Additionally, I describe how I have related the three periods of educational change—a period of optimism and innovation, a period of complexity and contradiction, and a period of marketization and standardization, along with the monocultural restoration—to corresponding policies and practices of responding to student diversity in the US and Ontario, Canada. Finally, I discuss a current project in which Andy and I are exploring core issues related to educational leadership and diversity.     

The Academic Lives of Neglected, Rejected, Popular, and Controversial Children

The purposes of this study were to examine academically relevant characteristics of different sociometric status groups and to learn about the academic orientations of behavioral subgroups of rejected children. Results from a sample of 423 sixth and seventh graders (ages 11–13) suggested that sociometrically neglected children have quite positive academic profiles. When compared with average status children, these students reported higher levels of motivation, were described by teachers as more self-regulated learners, as more prosocial and compliant, and as being better liked by teachers. Analyses of two behavioral subgroups of rejected children indicated that aggressive-rejected but not submissive-rejected children have problematic academic profiles. Relations of neglected and aggressive-rejected status to academic adjustment in young adolescents' lives is discussed.     

SCIENTIFIC STUDY GROUPS,SEMINARS, AND SCHOOLS IN ROMANIAN HIGHER EDUCATION IN MATHEMATICS

This article describes certain less visible but very significant basic units which have arisen in the discipline of mathematics in Romanian universities in parallel to the highly visible structure of chairs, departments, faculties, laboratories, institutes, and the like. These units: study groups, seminars, and schools of thought have grown up around the work of certain talented, original, and prolific thinkers and have been perpetuated by the students of the latter. In particular, these units have been very successful in inculcating an attitude favourable to research in beginning students, even having stimulated some of them, including students still in high school, to undertake research projects which have given very interesting results.     

Education,Poetry, and the Process of Growing Old

Should all generations be included in our society's educational project? In PEP (Prosjekt eldrepedagogikk), in Bergen, we argue that the concept of care for old people should be redefined to include an aspect of learning. This learning can have a creative and existential purpose, not necessarily an instrumental one. “To grow old” also has a meaning of growth. Education can strengthen this growth. Old people have mental, spiritual and creative needs. PEP has aimed at stimulating older people's verbal creativity through the writing of poetry and the telling of stories in groups. Many courses of this kind have been held during recent years. This learning activity has had a positive impact upon the life of the participants. The work has served to sharpen the senses, keep thinking alive, support self-esteem, and establish good social relations. Another fruit of the project is the publishing of texts. Both education and poetry can have a function of emancipation. As a consequence of this project, the University of Bergen has started a process where research on the education of the elderly will be put on its agenda.     

Imagining Comparative Education: Past,Present, Future

The study is organised around three questions, i.e. (1) how have comparative educators, and relate scholars, used their creative imaginations to construct new knowledge and understanding about ways of representing changing educational phenomena and relations? (2) what genres and forms of representation have been appropriated or elaborated and how have these code choices influenced ways of seeing and thinking? and (3) can this self-reflexive history of imagination in practice be patterned as an intertextual field of difference, as a comparative cultural map that may help to open new vistas into the past and the future? In this, my desire is to move beyond the sterile polarities of modernist rule-making and poststructuralist nihilism in knowledge work. Here I should instead like to privilege a hermeneutic of imagination with its power of disclosure, which I believe marks our basic ethical ability to imagine oneself as another. Two figures and two tables help to visualise my argument and summarise findings.     

DEWEY,SITUATIONISM, AND MORAL EDUCATION

According to a number of authors, character is dead. On their view, the evidence is in, and all of our attempts to inculcate character in our students have not only failed, but are in fact destined to fail for various reasons. They base their conclusions in part on a number of experimental results that have been obtained since the 1920s, collectively known as situationism. If these authors are right, then the current emphasis on character education in the United States (and elsewhere) is woefully misplaced. On the contrary, however, Matthew Pamental argues in this essay that situationism's evidence is being misinterpreted. A Deweyan sociocultural approach to the nature and ideals of character both explains the evidence and reveals how character can be reconstructed and revived.