对我国高师院校教育成本的改革研究

教育成本是衡量学校办学效益的尺子，也是国家制定有关政策的重要依据。本文对高师院校教育成本的内涵及如何建立教育成本的约束机制进行了有益的研讨。     

教育能力论兼论高师院校的教育改革

教育能力是教师必须具备的专门职业能力,是教师素质的综合反映和集中体现,它直接决定着学校教育教学质量的高低。教育能力具有丰富的内涵,其结构包括动力因素、效能因素、个性因素三部分,它的形成和发展有赖于高师院校实施具有师范特色的素质教育,需要高师院校端正办学方向,在课程体系、教学内容、教学方法上不断改革与创新。培养教育能力是一项系统工程。为了保证师范教育的质量,则需对师范生的教育能力进行科学的评价,并促进这一能力的持续发展     

QUALITY OF THE TASKS IN THE NEW TURKISH ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS TEXTBOOKS: THE CASE OF PROPORTIONAL REASONING

This study examines new Turkish elementary school mathematics textbooks to provide perspectives on the quality of the tasks related to the proportion concept and the ways they are presented. Tasks were analysed for several dimensions with a particular focus on their level of cognitive demands (LCD). Tasks were distinguished in two groups in terms of LCD: lower-level demand and higher-level demand. The findings revealed that 75 % of the tasks were related to higher-level demand in that they requested a certain level of interpretation, required connecting knowledge and procedures related to each other, demanded responses with some explanation and reinforced students’ non-algorithmic thinking. Only 25 % of the tasks were related to a lower-level demand, and these tasks could be resolved by recalling and implementing rules, procedures and factual knowledge without reflecting upon the meaning behind them. Most of the tasks were presented in multiple representations and framed in non-mathematical contexts. All these task characteristics indicate that the new elementary school textbooks have the capacity to promote students’ proportional reasoning. The findings also inform the international community about crucial aspects of the curriculum reforms in Turkey and provide suggestions for teachers and textbook writers concerning the quality of the tasks and their selection and implementation in the classrooms.     

论新形势下教育学院的教材改革

教材是教学活动的基本依据 ,是教育改革成果的集中体现。本文主要阐述了我国新形势下教育学院所面临的问题以及如何进行教材改革 ,提出优选教材 ,基本教材与补充教材相结合 ,文字教材与软件教材相结合的教材改革思路。     

THE UNIONIZATION OF TEACHERS IN TURKEY

The beginnings of teacher unionization in Turkey go back to 1921, before the proclamation of the Turkish Republic. The process of unionization has had to confront two obstacles: on the one hand, the tendency of teachers’ associations and unions to be co‐opted by the ruling party and thus to lose their militancy; on the other hand, the fact that although professional associations may have been permitted to exist by certain Turkish regimes, true unionization, and above all, the right to strike, has been prohibited on the grounds that teachers are civil servants and like all civil servants do not have the right to strike. The latter restriction was most recently confirmed by provisions in the Constitution of 1982. Thus Turkey is the only country in Europe in which teachers do not have the right to form true labour unions and to go on strike.     

广西中小学教师实施新课程的心理适应性调查及调适研究

由于新课程的实施与原有的教育环境、教育观念、评价标准、教育自身的条件都可能存在矛盾与冲突，因而，在推进基础教育课程改革的进程中，教师对新课程的心理适应性的问题显得尤为突出。运用团体测量法和个人访谈法对1679名中小学教师实施新课程的心理适应性进行了研究。结果表明，广西中小学教师实施新课程的心理适应性整体上呈良性发展态势，表现在大多数教师对新课程普遍持认同态度并积极接受，且有良好的自身发展规划、合作意识和学生观。但不可否认的是，新课程的实施同样也给教师带来了一定的心理压力。     

THE CHANGING SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF NURSING STUDENTS IN NEW SOUTH WALES

This study had two major aims: 1) to establish a reliable data base on the social and demographic origins of nursing students in New South Wales universities since the introduction of the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) and the change from diploma to degree level programs; and 2) to compare the social and demographic origins of nursing students in higher education programs in 1995 with the data base established by Wright in New South Wales in 1986 to detect changes over time. Comparison of data from the 1986 group (N=447) and the 1995 group (N=512) revealed that there was a no significant difference between the two cohorts on the socio‐economic variable. There was, however, a significant difference in the SES variable between the 1986 and 1995 sample for the female group. From a household perspective, there was a significant difference in the number of siblings, and income received by the mother between the 1986 and 1995 cohorts. In addition, no support was found for the assertion that country students would be disadvantaged with the move to higher education programs. It was also found that almost 79.3% of the 1995 group chose to delay their HECS payment until they entered the workforce.     

听力教师在课堂教学中的作用

本文分析了听力教师在课堂教学中作用的理论依据 ,阐述了听力教师在课堂教学中的作用就是帮助和促进学生提高听力     

NEGRO TEACHERS IN NEW YORK CITY

This article addresses the question of what is entailed in enhancing teacher quality and student achievement through university-school partnership. It compares two different secondary schools working in partnership with Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. University Park Campus School (UPCS) is a small, neighborhood-based school that spans grades 7–12 and serves 215 students. South High School is a large comprehensive high school, with grades 9–12, and 1500 students. UPCS has attained an exceptional level of effectiveness, as reflected in student achievement; all students have passed the statewide test on their first try, with most scoring in the top two performance categories (“proficient” and “advanced”), and qualified for postsecondary education. In contrast, South High, committed to a major restructuring initiative, marks improvement more slowly and incrementally. While scale looms large as a factor in explaining the effectiveness of each school (an instrumental factor), the story of the differences between the two schools is more complex. The comparison focuses on the most salient dimensions in an effort to understand critical cultural dimensions of effectiveness.     

从权利平等到机会均等-新中国教育公平的轨迹

本文分析了新中国不同时期教育公平的制度特征和当前影响教育公平的主要因素,认为在1977年之后,教育公平的主要矛盾已经从教育权利平等转为教育机会均等。精英主义与大众主义两种不同的教育发展模式、转型期新的利益格局和“教育产业化”的发展路径等,造成对教育机会均等的深刻影响。     

THEORY AND PRACTICE IN THE EDUCATION OF TEACHERS

This paper reports an investigation into the method described by Hertzig et al. (1968), for measuring the response style of pre‐school children performing cognitive tasks (the Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Test Form L). The inter‐observer reliability of the major variables proposed as parameters of ‘cognitive style’ is examined, as well as their stability over time, and their association with level of test performance.

It was not found possible to record behaviour in adequate detail using the original method of a handwritten protocol so a modified procedure was adopted in which observers classified responses directly by their type and recorded them in code. Using this method, reliability was found to be high. Moreover, over a period of four to six weeks there was substantial consistency in the style of behaviour shown by these children when dealing with test demands.

Since there were ethnic differences in the small sample of children studied (N=32), it was also of interest to discover whether children of immigrant and English‐born parents would show differences in behaviour comparable to the differences between Puerto Rican and middle‐class American children reported by Hertzig et al. Some behavioural differences were found, but these appeared to be wholly a function of differing test performance.

     

THE GOAL STRUCTURE OF TEACHERS IN COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS

A number of statements of various analytically‐derived output and support goals appropriate to secondary schools were submitted for evaluation, as ideal school goals, to a sample of teachers drawn from ten comprehensive schools. The teachers’ top priorities were output goals referring to the balanced development of pupils’ potentialities, interests and skills, and management goals referring to the regulation of social conflict within the organization, and social cohesion amongst the participation of the staff. Of relatively low priority are output goals reflecting a concern for the maintenance of the authority structure within and the economic needs of the wider society, and direct service to the community within which the school is set. Adaptation to the needs of that community and the maintenance of the status of the school are support goals which are also given relatively low priority.     

面向山区实际,探索师专植物学教改新思路

作者在多年植物学教学实践探索和经验总结的基础上根据山区农村经济发展和高等教育改革的需要及师专实际,提出了面向山区,立足农村,强化实践,培养技能,搞好师专植物学教学改革的一系列具体目标及措施。