国家实验室经费配置与管理机制研究——美国的经验与启示

国家实验室建设已成为我国推进创新型国家和科技强国建设的重要举措,迫切需要在管理体制机制上,特别是经费配置与管理方面进行革新。这不仅是我国国家实验室建设需要考虑的基本问题之一,也是国家实验室拟突破现有科研机构瓶颈的重要切入点。我国国家实验室建设的初级阶段迫切需要借鉴国际经验,而美国国家实验室管理与发展已较为成熟,具有重要借鉴意义。本文从财务管理视角切入,通过详细梳理美国国家实验室经费配置与管理特点,对我国拟筹建的国家实验室及科研机构经费配置与管理现状进行深入细致分析,旨在为建设我国国家实验室提出科学可行的建议。研究发现美国国家实验室以联邦政府资助为主的经费分配模式、全程多元监管体系、精准的绩效预算模式等卓有成效。建议我国国家实验室的经费配置遵循以任务为导向的原则,采用弹性制经费分配模式,完善管理程序和立法内容,辅以多元主体共同监督的模式,促使国家实验室经费配置与管理的规范化、制度化,进而提升经费的配置效率。     

高校科技资源市场化配置的运行体系及完善对策研究

高校科技资源的市场化配置,既是国家经济、社会发展的需要,也是高校自身持续发展的需要,运行体系不健全是制约我国高校科技资源配置的主要障碍。首先界定高校科技资源市场化配置的内涵、特征和条件,分析高校科技资源配置运行体系中的资源整合体系、服务支撑体系、金融支撑体系和产业承载体系。以昆山为案例,分析高校科技资源配置体系的成功经验和典型做法。最后提出完善高校科技资源市场配置运行体系的对策建议。为加强我国高校科技资源的市场化配置提供参考和借鉴。     

资源配置视角下的广东省重点实验室建设发展研究

广东省重点实验室是广东省科技创新体系的重要组成部分,是广东省组织高水平基础研究和应用基础研究的核心力量。从科技资源配置的视角分析广东省重点实验室建设与发展过程中存在的定位与边界模糊、结构性布局失衡、资源配置方式不合理、绩效评价机制不健全、运行管理监督机制缺失等问题,进而从宏观(重点实验室的顶层设计)、中观(重点实验室的定位和布局)和微观(重点实验室的资源投入、绩效评价和日常运行管理)3个层次对广东省重点实验室的建设与发展进行系统的研究,并提出相应的政策建议。     

基于协同视角的京津冀科技资源优化配置机制体系构建*

科技资源的优化配置与有效利用已成为各级政府支持科技创新的重要战略手段,其中,科技资源配置机制作为区域科技创新体系管理运行的核心问题之一,日益受到科技管理部门的高度重视。本文基于协同视角构建京津冀科技资源配置系统的分析框架,建立主体、空间、环境、市场、服务“五位一体”的京津冀科技资源优化配置机制体系,并基于京津冀地区当前在科技资源配置机制体系建设中的存在问题,从产学研合作、科技资源空间优化、科技成果市场化、科技创新服务联动、创新环境协同提升等方面提出对策建议。     

黑龙江煤炭产业优化科技资源配置的对策

以狭义的科技资源配置,即科技财力资源和科技人力资源为主,针对黑龙江省煤炭产业实际情况,运用大量数据对煤炭科技投入产出状况及存在问题进行比较分析,并从煤炭科技管理体制和机制等方面剖析了问题的深层次原因,最后从配置客体、主体和环境等三个方面提出加大煤炭科技投入强度,完善以企业为主体的煤炭科技创新体系,营造良好政策环境,建设煤炭产业技术创新联盟和社会服务体系等措施,为黑龙江省东部煤电化基地合理配置科技资源提供科技支撑和政策借鉴.     

从边界跨越到使命达成：全国重点实验室双聘人员组织认同机制研究

全国重点实验室大范围汇聚创新资源,跨越学科边界和组织边界,承担着国家重大创新使命。双聘人员作为人员主体,其组织认同程度直接决定了全国重点实验室的创新使命达成度,因而这一问题在平台治理中具有根本性。瞄准现有研究缺口,本文运用边界跨越理论和双案例对比分析方法,探究全国重点实验室推动双聘人员形成组织认同的基本过程。研究发现,这一过程可分为目标牵引、边界跨越、使命效价3个阶段,并在制度设计上呈现独立化、宽跨度、集约化的基本特征。其中,基础研究型实验室着力于构建学术社区型组织认同模式,应用基础研究型实验室注重形成创新枢纽型组织认同模式。本研究丰富了边界跨越理论,并对全国重点实验室优化重组与内部建设具有政策参考价值。     

影响我国科技资源配置效率的原因及对策分析

科技资源作为稀缺资源,其优化配置已成为各国关注的核心问题之一。随着我国科技、经济的深人发展,我国科技资源配置机制的问题也突现出来,最显著的特征是：政府主导的科技资源配置机制效能降低。在此,运用政府管理理论、新制度经济学理论,结合我国的实际,借鉴发达国家的经验教训,分析影响我国科技资源配置效率的原因并探寻对策。     

新型举国体制下对国家重点实验室重组的战略思考

科技资源配置与科技力量组织方式,始终与国家的发展紧密联系在一起,在不同阶段呈现出不同的模式,承担着不同的使命,发挥了不同的作用。文章从“站起来、富起来、强起来”的历史阶段视角,对国家面临的主要挑战、科技任务下达方式、科技力量组织方式、科技成果产出等进行了回顾和分析,试图深入理解国家为什么把国家重点实验室重组作为新时代科技体制深化改革、探索新型举国体制的重要抓手。     

区域财政科技经费配置过程多元化监管研究

确保区域财政科技经费配置过程科学合理是提高其使用效率,使有限的财政资金投入产生更大的社会经济效益,始终是地方政府相关管理部门一项重要研究课题。通过对区域财政科技经费多元化监管主体的分析,基于科技资源优化配置和过程管理的思想,设计一整套科学规范的区域财政科技经费配置过程多元化监管流程,明确经费配置各环节的监管对象、监管主体、监管重点与监管内容等,并提出其多元化监管的实现策略,可为地方政府相关部门财政科技经费配置过程科学化和规范化监管提供有效的监管思路、流程、方法以及有关借鉴。     

有效制度安排下的科技创新资源配置研究

 科技创新资源的优化配置对促进国家实施自主创新战略具有重要的战略意义。本文在对国际视野下的科技创新资源配置的发展趋势进行阐述的基础上,研究了三种科技创新资源配置的基本方式,提出了“有效制度安排下的协调互动方式”对我国科技创新具有重要作用。探讨了我国科技创新资源配置的基本状况及存在的主要问题。最后从资源平台、制度环境、机制政策和技术市场等方面提出了对策建议。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence