From Supporting to Co-Parenting: The New Roles of Fathers

SYNOPSIS

To develop a secure attachment, the quality of the mother’s relationship is fundamental, but now there is evidence that fathers equally play early and integrated roles in the development of the child, particularly in social and communicative skills. Hiraoka and colleagues emphasize father support in regulating maternal distress while listening to the infant’s cry. We also emphasize the father’s role in supporting the mother and in improving social and communicative competences in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.     

The Use of E-Mail and In-Class Writing to Facilitate Student–Instructor Interaction in Large-Enrollment Traditional and Active Learning Classes

Student–instructor communication was examined in freshman biology classes taught either in traditional lecture style or by using a variety of student-centered, active learning approaches to engage students in the learning process (cooperative learning groups, wireless microphones, permanent name tags, in-class and out-of-class writing). In both classes students were encouraged to send questions, comments, and suggestions to the instructor via e-mail. In the active learning class, students also wrote in-class notes to the instructor. All messages could be classified as either content-related or procedural. More content-related messages were received in the active learning class than in the traditional class. Also, the percentage of students who sent content-related messages was much higher in the active learning class than in the traditional class. Finally, content-related messages from students in the active learning class were generally more thoughtful and insightful than those from students in the traditional class.     

The Integrated Approach to Teaching Visual Art in After‐School Activity Classes

The present article discusses the possibilities of interdisciplinary integration for teaching art to primary‐school students in after‐school activities. Integrated teaching, as one of the ways for putting into practice the socioconstructivist approach to learning and the theory of the guided construction of knowledge, is used as a basis for conceiving and implementing the two projects described in the empirical part of the article. The research questions, addressed here, aim at finding out how a project‐based approach and the knowledge gained in school and through the students’ individual experiences can be applied pedagogically in after‐school art activities. To achieve the aims of the study a two‐cycle action research was conducted where the integrated teaching was viewed as a developmental spiral, in which the insights, experiences and results gained from the first project fed into the planning and realisation of the second one. The outcomes of the two projects suggest that the integrated presentation of teaching material enhances the students’ learning abilities to make associative connections between the different subjects, to transfer their skills from one project into another, and to apply their knowledge from one subject area to another by processing various sources of visual or verbal information in their creation of artworks. The two projects have proven empirically the validity and educational relevance of the integrated approach to teaching art, and the usefulness of the ideas in the New Finnish Core Curriculum for the holistic development of the child in the complexity of today's world.     

我国科学教育“历史感”的达成之道——从科学史课程到科学史故事

我国科学教育引入科学史的动因是增强科学教育的历史感,历史感反思与批判内涵的达成是设立单独的科学史课程。在现象学教育学的视域下,历史感的另一种意义被发现,即教育意向中科学教育的真实可感。实现这种历史感的方式是运用科学史故事,因为它可以实现师生对科学私密的拥有。具体的运用途径包括:使科学史故事发生于时间意识之中,使学生的意识充盈,以及激活科学史故事包蕴的原初意义。未来我国科学教育历史感的达成仍存在广阔的可能性。     

从“离身”到“具身”——认知科学的困境与转向

传统认知科学的身心二元观点在面对人的复杂认知时产生了教学的离身困境,即教学观念的离身性、教学设计的预设性、教学环境的封闭性三重困境。文章以国内外具身认知思想下的认知科学理论与实践探索进行梳理,从现象学、生物学、技术学三个视角的研究实例中归纳出第二代认知科学的具身特征,进而提出教学应从体验性具身技术开发、生成性具身课程设计、交互式环境构建三个维度促进认知科学的具身转向。     

Science of Learning: Evidence‐Based Teaching in the Clinical Supervision Classroom

Although clinical supervision is widely viewed as an educational process, counseling doctoral students may lack relevant background in pedagogy. In response to calls to incorporate learning theories and principles into supervision instruction, 7 evidence‐based science of learning principles as well as examples from 1 doctoral supervision course are described.     

融合:经济科学与自然科学发展的必然趋势

科学是反映客观世界及其运动规律的知识体系。自然科学和社会科学的分离是科学自身发展对混为一体的科学一个否定。近代和现代科学的发展,又在进一步实验和实证的基础上向更高层次升华,即自然科学和社会科学相互渗透和融合,其间经济科学表现最为突出。     

Getting from Here to There: The Roles of Policy Makers and Principals in Increasing Science Teacher Quality

In this study we investigate how federal and state policy makers, and school principals are working to improve science teacher quality. Interviews, focused discussions, and policy documents serve as the primary data source. Findings suggest that both policy makers and principals prioritize increasing incentives for teachers entering the science teaching profession, providing professional development for new teachers, and using students’ data to evaluate and improve instruction. Differences between the two leadership groups emerged in terms of the grain size and practicality of their concerns. Our findings indicate that the complexity of educational challenges to improve science teacher quality call for the co-construction of policy by multiple constituent groups including school principals, federal and state policy makers, and science education researchers.     

From Obstacle to Growth Dewey's Legacy of Experience‐Based Art Education

In the last decades theories that emphasise visitors’experience as the key element in the process of meaning‐making have influenced art education in museums considerably. However, there is remarkably little evidence in practice that museums shape their exhibits and educational tools by the actual experiences of visitors. Because museum education is still too much knowledge‐based, people often do not come to understanding or engagement of thinking. This article demonstrates this inconsistency and its consequences based on visitors’conversations during a museum visit while looking at contemporary art. In order to engage visitors into their own thinking and create lasting experiences, the article also investigates Dewey's ideas about experienced‐based education and inquiry learning. The study especially shows that experiences felt as obstacles for interpretation are extremely suitable to stimulate, deepen and improve visitors’engagement in the inquiry cycle.     

The Use of Newspaper Articles as a Tool to Develop Critical Thinking in Science Classes

The aim of this research is to identify the difficulties experienced by secondary school students (aged 15–16) with the critical reading of newspaper articles with scientific content. Two newspaper critical reading activities in relation to the study of various scientific contents were designed and carried out in two schools (61 students in total), one with a student population from a medium to high social and economic bracket and the other with students from a medium to low social and economic bracket. These activities were designed taking into account the phases of the reading process: before, during and after reading. In order to analyse the difficulties ‘Elements of science critical reading’ were identified on the basis of the ‘Elements of reasoning’ of Paul and Elder and the categories proposed by Bartz C.R.I.T.I.C. questionnaire and a scale was drawn up. The results show that the activities designed were useful in helping students to read critically. We also rated very positively the instrument created to assess the students' answers: the scale based on the performance indicators of Paul and Elder. This instrument enabled us to detect the aspects of critical thinking where students have the most difficulties: identifying the writer's purpose and looking for evidence in a text. It was also shown that the stance taken in the articles also had an influence on the results.     

The Use and Effectiveness of an Argumentation and Evaluation Intervention in Science Classes

This study explored teachers’ use of the Argumentation and Evaluation Intervention (AEI) and associated graphic organizer to enhance the performance of students in middle and secondary science classrooms. The results reported here are from the third year of a design study during which the procedures were developed in collaboration with teachers. A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design with 8 experimental and 8 control teachers was used with a total of 282 students. An open-ended test assessed students’ abilities to evaluate a scientific argument made in an article. The students were asked to identify the claim and its qualifiers, identify and evaluate the evidence given for the claim, examine the reasoning in support of the claim, consider counterarguments, and construct and explain a conclusion about the claim. The quality of students’ responses was assessed using a scoring rubric for each step of the argumentation process. Findings indicated a significantly higher overall score and large effect size in favor of students who were instructed using the AEI compared to students who received traditional lecture–discussion instruction. Subgroup and subscale scores are also presented. Teacher satisfaction and student satisfaction and confidence levels are reported.     

从3T到3E:信息技术在教育中的应用观的改变

本文讨论了信息技术在教育中应用的作用观点的变化 ,由 70年代的 3T(导师、被指导者、工具 )发展到现在的 3E(环境、装备与评价者 ) ,并且提出了信息技术教育应用系统的选择与设计的有关建议     

应用型科学学位设置的必要性与可行性——以暨南大学应用型科学学位硕士生教育为例

提出应用型科学学位的概念并对之加以界定,分析了应用型科学学位设置的必要性和可行性,以暨南大学为例,提出了应用型科学学位设置与实施的具体办法.     

Enhancing the Popularity and the Relevance of Science Teaching in Portuguese Science Classes

PARSEL Project emerged from the urgent need to overcome the problem of lack of scientific literacy in the population, which should be a priority in a society where science occupies a central place. Indeed, nowadays for any citizen to participate in a responsible and informed way in society he has to be scientifically acknowledgeable. Nevertheless, not only are scientific levels low in the general population, but also there is an increasing number of students who avoid science and technology courses and related professions. Within this context, PARSEL aims at raising science and scientific courses’ popularity and relevancy as well as at enacting teachers’ professional development. In order to achieve these goals, the PARSEL group developed 54 pan-European modules, which were tested and evaluated by several teachers in several European countries and Israel. Teachers maintained a close relationship with the university, were highly encouraged to appropriate the modules and to adapt them to their local conditions and, also to discuss and share their experiences. In Portugal, modules were tested by a group of eight teachers, and their students. This paper presents data concerning teachers’ evaluation. Data was collected by means of interviews, observation and written documents and reveals that teachers positively evaluated PARSEL’s impact on their own professional development. Furthermore, they considered modules as well as the teaching-learning approach essential for making science learning relevant and popular for their students.     

From organised anarchy to de‐coupled bureaucracy: The transformation of university organisation

Based on key governance and organisational characteristics from the 1970s universities have been conceptualised as organised anarchies and loosely coupled systems. More recently, a number of studies have argued that universities have been changing their internal governance and organisational structures leading to tighter vertical steering and the emergence of more integrated organisations. In this article, it is argued that while tighter vertical integration indeed might be observed, this does not necessarily imply greater horizontal integration in university organising as well. By drawing on case studies of five research‐intensive universities in five different countries, we discuss how strengthened hierarchical governance is driving increased organisational specialisation and professionalisation, but that this also may result in horizontal de‐coupling within universities. The article ends by a discussion of the positive and negative implications of coupled, de‐coupled and loosely coupled organisations.     

Communication in performance‐based training and instruction: From design to practice

Communication is inextricably important to instructional design and performance‐based training. Promoting effective communication as an integral part of the performance support system improves professional instructional design functions and offers greater avenues for meaningful discourse among end users of the instruction. In this article, we highlight communication in performance training and instruction for meaningful learning and effective exchange of knowledge. Internal and external communications are discussed as a means to promoting successful relationships, commitment, and ownership.     

华文模拟教学中课堂角色的三重转换

文章对华文模拟教学中指导教师、主讲学员以及听课学员的角色定位进行了探讨。文章指出,指导教师的角色在模拟教学中应在总设计师、典型化学生、主持型导师之间转换;主讲学员的角色在模拟教学中应在参赛选手、特型教师、受评学员之间转换;听课学员的角色应在特型学生、观摩者、点评者之间转换。