我国优秀划艇运动员肩、肘关节肌力特征的比较研究

运用等速测试系统对备战伦敦奥运会的国家划艇运动员的肩关节、肘关节肌力进行测试与分析。结果表明:1)从力矩角度来看,优秀运动员与一般运动员在肩、肘关节肌力特征中存在显著性差异(P<0.05),且屈肌和伸肌的力矩角度分别呈现不同的特征;2)从峰力矩比值来看,在不同速度运动下,国家队优秀运动员和一般运动员均存在屈伸比的失衡问题,即最大力量上存在屈伸肌群发展的不合理化现象(<50%),随着测试速度的增加,屈伸比呈递减趋势;3)在肘关节两侧同名肌群的比较中同样存在不均衡现象,尤其是伸肌的两侧差值较大;4)肩关节的肌力特征也存在类似的现象,但屈肌明显不如伸肌力量。结论:应逐步加强划艇运动员肩、肘关节同侧屈伸肌群和异侧同名肌群的力量均衡性训练,并提高肩关节的屈肌力量能力。     

女子自由式摔跤运动员下肢爆发力训练方法的实验研究

采用优化组合的训练方法和传统训练方法,运用美国生产的Biodex system Pr0 4多关节等速肌力测试系统对辽宁省女子自由式摔跤运动员进行下肢爆发力训练,同时进行对比测试分析,以期找到更加有效的训练方法和手段,为今后女子摔跤运动员下肢爆发力的训练研究提供理论依据.     

Sedentary behaviour and adiposity in elite athletes

Abstract

Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a health risk. Even in athletes an increased adiposity affects health and performance. Sedentary behaviour has been associated with higher levels of adiposity, independent of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. However, it is unclear whether this independent relationship still exists in highly trained athletes. The aim of this study was to examine the association of sedentary behaviour with body fatness in elite athletes. Cross-sectional data from 82 male athletes (mean age 22 years) were used. Total and regional body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Self-reported time spent in sedentary behaviour and weekly training time was assessed in all participants at one time point and multiple regression analyses were used. Sedentary behaviour predicted total fat mass (β = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.36–1.19, P < 0.001) and trunk fat mass (β = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07–0.43, P = 0.007), independent of age, weekly training time, and residual mass (calculated as weight-dependent variable) but not abdominal fat. Also, no associations of sedentary behaviour with fat-free mass, appendicular lean soft tissue, and body mass index were found. These findings indicate that athletes with higher amounts of sedentary behaviour presented higher levels of total and trunk fatness, regardless of age, weekly training time, and residual mass. Therefore, even high moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels do not mitigate the associations between sedentary behaviour and body fatness in highly trained athletes.     

2010年世界蹦床锦标赛我国优秀女子运动员竞技水平分析

采用文献资料法、录像观察法及数理统计法等,对2010年世界蹦床锦标赛预赛前16名女子运动员单人网上项目成绩进行了统计与分析。研究结果表明:世界女子蹦床的竞争格局已发生很大变化,我国女子蹦床的总体实力已上升至新的高度;我国优秀女子运动员平均年龄和训练、比赛周期有利于参加伦敦奥运会;目前世界优秀女子蹦床运动员成套动作的最佳难度在14.4～15之间,我国运动员的最佳难度在此范围内,但仍有很大提升的空间,在最佳难度范围内提高自选动作难度,并积蓄一定的难度储备,是我国女子蹦床运动员备战伦敦奥运会要解决的主要问题。     

Patterns of performance development in elite athletes

Abstract

This investigation sought to contrast generalised models of athlete development with the specific pathway trajectories and transitions experienced by 256 elite athletes across 27 different sports. All participants completed the National Athlete Development Survey and within it, the Athlete Development Triangle featuring the differentiation of junior and senior competition experience and progression. Developmental initiation; prevalence, magnitude and direction of pathway trajectory; extent of concurrent junior and senior competitive experience; and variability between sports were examined. Three major trajectories were identified in relation to athlete transition from Nil competition to Elite competition, via junior and senior competition phases. These included Pure ascent (16.4%), Mixed ascent (26.2%) and Mixed descent (57.4%). These were further partitioned into eight sub-trajectories, demonstrating a mix of linear, crossover and concurrent competition profiles. Substantial variability with regard to starting age, pattern of ascent and magnitude of transition was apparent. Non-linear trajectories were experienced by the majority of athletes (83.6%), with pure junior to senior developmental linearity evident in less than 7% of cases. Athletes in cgs sports (those measured in centimetres, grams or seconds) were less likely (43%) to experience a descending trajectory in comparison with non-cgs athletes (70%; p<0.001). The collective findings of this investigation demonstrate that, contrary to the popular pyramidal concept of athlete development, a single linear assault on expertise is rare, and that the common normative junior to senior competition transition is mostly characterised by complex oscillations featuring highly varied transitions. More developmental ‘granularity’ is needed to advance our understanding of sport expertise.     

Unfavourable plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acid profile in elite amateur boxers

Abstract

Research on possible physiological changes as a consequence of a specific lifestyle and long-term strenuous exercise in boxing has been sparse. We determined plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid (PL) fatty acids (FA) profile of 16 elite amateur male boxers (22.4±3.3 years of age), and compared them with a control group composed of 19 sedentary (24.4±3.4) year-old men. The percentages of total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monosaturated FA in plasma phospholipids were significantly higher (P <0.001) in boxers compared to the control group. On the other hand, all studied polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in plasma PL with the exception of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n–3) and docosatetraenoic acid (DTA, 22:4, n–6) were significantly lower in boxers than in sedentary men. Total PUFA, n–6 PUFA and n–3 PUFA were also significantly lower in boxers (P <0.001), whereas the n–6/n–3 ratio was higher in boxers than in control group (P <0.01). Boxers had significantly higher proportion of all SFA in erythrocyte PL compared to the control group (P <0.05). In addition, the percentage of linoleic acid was lower in boxers' erythrocyte PL than in the control group (P <0.05). The results show two potentially unfavourable main features of the FA profile of boxers, that is, a higher n–6/n–3 ratio in plasma PL and a higher percentage of SFA in both plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids compared to controls. As SFA correlates directly with the incidence of cardiovascular disease and high n–6/n–3 ratio has been shown to stimulate carcinogenesis and modulate inflammation and autoimmunity, this profile could be detrimental to the health of boxers. The mechanism underlying these differences requires further investigation; however the results suggest benefits of nutritional intervention.     

Relationships between injury and success in elite Taekwondo athletes

The purpose of this study was to determine the rate and type of injury in elite Canadian Taekwondo athletes, before and during competition and to investigate the relationship between past injuries, injuries during competition and success. This retrospective case-series study incorporated Taekwondo injuries sustained by 75 male and female elite Canadian Taekwondo athletes over 10 years and its relationship to athletes' success by means of gaining medals during competition. A logistic regression model (using the Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE) method) was used to investigate the relationship between injuries and success. Injury rate was associated with performance after holding variables constant (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.124, P = 0.039). Moreover, with each additional injury per match, competitors were 88% (1-0.124) less likely to win a medal. Although not statistically significant, additional injuries prior to competition were associated with a 30% increase in medal prevalence (OR = 1.299, P = 0.203). When comparing athletes (gender, tournament difficulty, injury variables), a competitor who is one year older is 10% less likely to medal (OR = 0.897, P = 0.068). When an additional injury occurred during competition, the athlete was 88% less likely to win a medal. Prevention, correct diagnosis, and immediate therapeutic intervention by qualified health care providers are important.     

Effect of vibratory stimulation training on maximal force and flexibility

In this study, we investigated a new method of training for maximal strength and flexibility, which included exertion with superimposed vibration (vibratory stimulation, VS) on target muscles. Twenty‐eight male athletes were divided into three groups, and trained three times a week for 3 weeks in one of the following conditions: (A) conventional exercises for strength of the arms and VS stretching exercises for the legs; (B) VS strength exercises for the arms and conventional stretching exercises for the legs; (C) irrelevant training (control group). The vibration was applied at 44 Hz while its amplitude was 3 mm. The effect of training was evaluated by means of isotonic maximal force, heel‐to‐heel length in the two‐leg split across, and flex‐and‐reach test for body flexion. The VS strength training yielded an average increase in isotonic maximal strength of 49.8%, compared with an average gain of 16% with conventional training, while no gain was observed for the control group. The VS flexibility training resulted in an average gain in the legs split of 14.5 cm compared with 4.1 cm for the conventional training and 2 cm for the control groups, respectively. The ANOVA revealed significant pre‐post training effects and an interaction between pre‐post training and ‘treatment’ effects (P< 0.001) for the isotonic maximal force and both flexibility tests. It was concluded that superimposed vibrations applied for short periods allow for increased gains in maximal strength and flexibility.     

中外田径十项全能运动成绩比较研究

通过查阅并整理中外男子优秀十项全能运动员十年来的运动成绩,运用文献资料法、比较研究法、数理统计法,对运动成绩进行对比研究,结果表明我国男子十项全能运动整体水平与世界存在一定的差距,依据我国运动员各单项中国纪录成绩,提高我国全能运动整体水平应在1500m和400m单项上,尤其在1500m项目上,为今后运动员选材和训练提供一定的参考价值。     

Development of the Nine-Ball Skills Test to discriminate elite and high-level amateur golfers

Currently, there is a lack of appropriate skill assessments available for use in golf. The aim of this study was to examine the discriminative validity and the test-retest reliability of the newly developed "Nine-Ball Skills Test". Participants of two ability levels (elite, n = 14; high-level amateur, n = 16) each hit nine golf shots of differing combinations of trajectory (straight, fade, draw) and height (normal, high, low) at an individually determined target area. Each shot was scored on its percent error index from the target and whether it achieved the maximum height as required. Participants completed the test twice using a 5-iron club. The elite group scored significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the amateur group for both the first and second rounds of the test as well as the combined scores. The between-round test-retest reliability was deemed to be not acceptable, thus we propose that the test's protocol should include use of the two rounds as standard. Due to the importance of ball striking and flight control to performance in golf, the Nine-Ball Skills Test is appropriate for providing a measure of this skill component in elite and high-level amateur golfers.     

The reliability of linear position transducer, force plate and combined measurement of explosive power-time variables during a loaded jump squat in elite athletes

The purpose of this study was to determine the between day reliability of power-time measures calculated with data collected using the linear position transducer or the force plate independently, or a combination of the two technologies. Twenty-five male rugby union players performed three jump squats on two occasions one week apart. Ground reaction forces were measured via a force plate and position data were collected using a linear position transducer. From these data, a number of power-time variables were calculated for each method. The force plate, linear position transducer and a combined method were all found to be a reliable means of measuring peak power (ICC = 0.87-0.95, CV = 3.4%-8.0%). The absolute consistency of power-time measures varied between methods (CV = 8.0%-53.4%). Relative consistency of power-time measures was generally comparable between methods and measures, and for many variables was at an acceptable level (ICC = 0.77-0.94). Although a number of time-dependent power variables can be reliably calculated from data acquired from the three methods investigated, the reliability of a number of these measures is below that which is acceptable for use in research and for practical applications.     

浙江优秀运动员文化教育的调查与思考

通过对浙江体育运动技术学院基础教育和高等教育阶段的课程设置等情况的调查，结合优秀运动队现状，指出浙江优秀运动员化教育存在的不足，并提出人教育的改革思路。     

Effects of short-term detraining on measures of obesity and glucose tolerance in elite athletes

Athletes frequently adjust their training volume in line with their athletic competition schedule, onset of sport injury, and retirement. Whether maintenance of partial training activity during the detraining period can preserve optimal body composition and insulin sensitivity is currently unknown. Sixteen elite kayak athletes (mean VO2max: 58.5 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), s = 1.77) were randomly assigned to a totally detrained group (age: 20.8 years, s = 0.7; body mass index: 23.74, s = 0.54) or partially detrained group (age: 21.8 years, s = 0.7; body mass index: 23.20, s = 1.02), whereby totally detrained participants terminated their training routine completely and the partially detrained participants preserved approximately 50% of their previous training duration with equivalent intensity for one month. Body mass, waist circumference, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin, leptin, cortisol, and testosterone were measured during the trained state and after detraining. Waist circumferences for both the partially detrained and totally detrained groups were significantly elevated after detraining, with no group difference. However, body mass was reduced in both groups. Significant elevations in the area under the curve for insulin and fasted leptin with detraining were observed. These changes were greater in the totally detrained participants. In conclusion, the present results show that maintaining partial training activity cannot prevent an increase in waist circumference. During the detraining period, the magnitude of increase in plasma insulin and leptin concentrations was regulated in an activity-dependent manner.     

中外优秀田径运动员竞技年龄特征之比较研究

运用文献资料调研和数理统计法，对当今世界与中国优秀田径运动员在亚类项群、亚类分组项目的竞技年龄结构特征进行比较，分析两者之间的差异，旨在为我国田径项目多年训练过程的合理规划提供理论依据.     

山东省优秀游泳运动员专项柔韧素质测量与分析

采用文献资料法、问卷法、专家调查法、测试法,筛选出对游泳运动成绩有显著影响的专项柔韧素质指标,对山东省26名优秀游泳运动员的专项柔韧素质进行了测量和分析.通过分析,掌握山东省优秀游泳运动员专项柔韧素质的整体情况,找出不足,并提出针对性的训练建议,从而为科学诊断和改善游泳运动员专项柔韧素质发展水平,提高训练效果提供参考.     

星形偏移平衡测试在评价优秀蹼泳运动员核心训练效果中的应用

通过采用8点星形偏移平衡测试来评价核心训练对优秀蹼泳运动员动态平衡能力的作用。以国家蹼泳队24名优秀蹼泳运动员为研究对象,随机分为两组:核心训练组和传统训练组。对两组进行为期8周,每周4次,每次50min的运动训练,核心训练组进行以S-E-T悬吊训练为主,瑞士球和其他垫上训练为辅的核心训练,传统训练组进行"V"字起等传统的蹼泳腰腹训练。在8周的实验前后进行SEBT测试,检验受试者动态平衡稳定能力的变化。研究结果表明,相较于传统蹼泳腰腹训练,8周的核心训练更能显著提高优秀蹼泳运动员的前庭觉、躯体感觉、视觉、中枢神经系统的调控、肌肉力量、抗外部干扰、行动的敏捷等之间的协调能力,从而提高了机体的平衡稳定能力,具有传统力量训练不可比拟的优势。动态的星形偏移平衡测试能较全面地反映机体对神经肌肉的控制能力、下肢力量、身体活动范围。     

我国优秀运动员心理技能量表的初步编制

心理技能动训练是提高运动员比赛表现及应对能力的重要途径和方式,也是运动心理学领域的热点问题之一.为了能够从比较量化的角度为我国运动员及教练员提供心理训练的参考依据,本研究在参考国外学者相关研究成果基础上,立足我国运动员的实际特点,进行量表的初步构建.结果表明:我国运动员的心理技能量表可分为应对、自信心、专注、动机等4个维度,经过信效度检验,该量表可以做为评定我国优秀运动员心理技能水平的测评工具.     

Factors impacting participation of European elite deaf athletes in sport

This study examine 53 European elite deaf athletes for their family's hearing status, use of hearing aids, communication preference, education in integrated or segregated settings, family members' encouragement for participation in sports, coach preference (hearing or deaf), and conditions for competitive events with deaf or hearing athletes. These data were gathered through semi-structured interviews administered in the athlete's native language. Deaf athletes reported that when given the opportunity to compete with hearing athletes, it enhanced their opportunity for competition. Participating in sports with hearing athletes played an important role in the integration of deaf athletes into mainstream society. If adaptations to communication can be made in these integrated settings, the ability of deaf athletes to participate in such settings will increase.     

我国优秀运动员社会保障体系的研究

从理论上探讨了我国优秀运动员社会保障的未来发展的目标与原则，并在此基础上提出了我国优秀运动员社会保障体系应由优秀运动员的社会保障，伤残保险、就业安置和社会福利与优抚几部分所构成。     

世界优秀女子400m跑速度特征分析

运用文献资料法、分析法和数理统计等方法,通过对第6、7届世界田径锦标赛女子400m决赛选手的全程和分段成绩进行分析,探讨了当今世界女子400m跑速度特征的发展趋势.分析结果表明,依靠良好的速度分配,提高全程平均速度水平,保持高速跑的能力以及匀加速跑的节奏是我们训练工作中应抓好的主要环节.