Foreign language learning and inclusion: Who? Why? What?— and How?

The presumption of mainstream schooling and the removal of core status for foreign language learning at Key Stage 4 are presenting new challenges to our ideal of foreign language learning for all. In the current climate, the case for including children with special educational needs in foreign language classes has to be made with greater clarity than ever. In this article Hilary McColl considers what foreign language learning is really for and how we can justify its inclusion in the curriculum of all our young people. She suggests that for all learners, whatever their ability, foreign language learning only makes sense if it is set within the context of the communities that use the language, and that for some learners these twin concepts of ‘communication’ and ‘community’ can only be understood if we make explicit links between what is distant‐and‐strange and what is close‐and‐familiar. She asks whether the courses we currently offer can achieve the outcomes we say we desire, and suggests what steps we need to take to make them more fit for purpose.     

从中西外语学习文化差异谈任务型教学

输入为主的中国外语学习文化与以输出为主的西方外语学习文化之间的差异导致了中国学生难以将语言知识转化为语言能力。通过对任务型教学及其科学性的阐述和分析,指出采用任务型教学可以弥补我国外语教学现状中的不足,并就如何借鉴任务型教学提出一些看法。     

论交际策略对外语学习的负面影响

从国内外学者对交际策略的定义入手,对交际策略分类进行了评介,简单回顾了国内外有关交际策略研究的历史与现状,并就交际策略对外语学习的负面影响进行了较为详细的探讨。     

Phonological attainment and foreign language anxiety in distance language learning: a quantitative approach

Learning a language through distance means is becoming increasingly widespread. The investigation reported in this paper was part of a large study (n = 590) carried out in 2011, which examined the experience of English-speaking students learning French pronunciation in a distance setting. This paper explores the hypothesis that there is a link between foreign language anxiety (FLA) and phonological attainment when learning in a distance setting. Quantitative methods included a questionnaire which explored FLA and learning pronunciation of English-speaking students learning French in a distance setting (n = 590). Pronunciation competence and FLA were measured using two instruments: an adapted version of the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale, which was part of the questionnaire, and a phonological attainment rating table, assessed through a reading activity. A significant correlation was found between good pronunciation skills and low levels of FLA.     

Understanding collaborative language learning in novice-level foreign language classrooms: perceptions of teachers and students

This study explored the congruence and disparities among three groups of foreign language (Chinese, French, and German) students’ and teachers’ perceptions of collaborative/cooperative language learning (CLL) strategies in novice-level classroom contexts. A total of 168 participants from a university in the USA took part in this mixed-method study. The quantitative findings from a 10-item CLL questionnaire suggested that while the students’ and teachers’ perceptions of CLL strategies were generally consistent and positive, some disparities emerged in terms of their perceptions towards pair work, 3–6 as a group work, interview, and role playing. The qualitative findings from interviews and classroom observations provided some possible explanations to the differences discovered. The quantitative findings also revealed that foreign language type was not a factor differentiating students’ and teachers’ perceptions of CLL strategies. Some practical implications are provided for the effective implementation of CLL strategies in novice-level foreign language classrooms.     

外语教学研究的文化视角

外语教学研究中的文化视角有三个层面的内容：其一是外语教学中的文化教学，其二是外语教学中跨文化交际能力的培养，其三是学习文化对外语教学的影响。     

Mealtimes in Swedish preschools: pedagogical opportunities for toddlers learning a new language

This paper reports on a study which explores how routine activities in preschool can support young multilingual children’s participation, communication and development of languages. The paper takes as its starting point the idea that young children’s development takes place through interaction and participation, including in routine activities. Empirical data of mealtimes was gathered in eight toddler groups in a Swedish city, and analysed as a context for learning. The mealtimes were video recorded and interpreted by using an interaction analytic approach which allowed multiple layers of mealtime interactions, all of which impact on the level of participation available to children, to be explored. A detailed analysis of activities and opportunities for communication provides an additional perspective for understanding participation and language learning in institutional practices. The findings show how language learning is situated as a communicative and participatory experience, and that common and shared topics are crucial for participation. Further, a shift in children’s participation status during interaction at mealtime is possible. An extended way of incorporating language teaching into multilingual preschool contexts is discussed.     

论外语教学的跨文化非语言交际能力培养

跨文化非语言交际教学是外语教学中的一项重要内容，也是提高学习者交际能力的必经之路。文化差异的对比分析是跨文化非语言交际研究和教学的重点。跨文化非语言交际能力的培养可分为2个教学途径：显性学习和隐性学习。     

Cultivation of Autonomous Learning Ability and Intercultural Communication Competence in Foreign Language Teaching

Learner Autonomy has been a hot topic in foreign language learning and teaching since 1960s,especially in relation to life-long skills.As the globalization develops,intercultural communication becomes more and more significant for college students.This essay attempts to explore main approaches to cultivate and improve students’ autonomous learning ability and intercultural communication competence in foreign language teaching.     

信息技术应用于外语教与学——认识论视域的历史考察

把信息技术应用于外语教与学放到哲学认识论的视域范围内,用历史的方法透视信息技术应用于外语教与学的历程,会发现信息技术应用于外语教与学有着自身的逻辑路线。一是哲学认识论在过去一个世纪的蜕变:从近代哲学认识论客观主义的萌芽到上世纪中后期客观主义大行其道(包括了行为主义和认知主义)再到如今甚为流行的建构主义哲学认识论;二是从视听教学到计算机辅助语言学习再到信息技术与外语课程整合。两条路线中起决定作用的是认识论上的范式转换而非技术的简单更迭。     

What academic language and learning advisers bring to the scholarship of teaching and learning: problems and possibilities for dialogue with the disciplines

Higher education policy is seeking, in the interest of ‘quality assurance’, to reward teaching and the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). Academic language and learning (ALL) advisers, who work closely with students to improve their performance in their courses of study, have much to contribute to SoTL. ALL advisers who adopt an ‘academic literacies’ approach share with lecturers in the disciplines an engagement with issues of ‘‐ography’ (i.e. writing in and for a discourse community)—including the relationships between epistemology, form, and language—yet, misconceptions about ALL advisers’ work can prevent discipline lecturers from consulting them when thinking about questions of teaching and learning in their own field. This paper discusses ALL advisers’ access to insights into students’ experiences of learning and of being taught, with relevance both for particular disciplines and for academic culture across the disciplines; their contributions to SoTL; the difficulties they encounter in trying to communicate across the borders of the disciplines; and ways of improving this situation in the context of the new emphasis on encouraging improvement in the quality of teaching.     

Effects of CLIL on second language learning: Disentangling selection,preparation, and CLIL-effects

The positive effects of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) on the development of students’ foreign language skills may have been overestimated by previous studies, since most studies failed to consider selection and preparation effects appropriately. Therefore, the present study used complete survey data from a 2002–2007 cohort to investigate English skill development of N = 385 German CLIL and N = 5,578 non-CLIL grammar school students from grade seven (M = 12.46, SD = 0.53) to grade eight (M = 14.46, SD = 0.53). Firstly, we found significant selection effects for performance in primary school, sociodemographic variables, and cognitive abilities. Secondly, after propensity score matching, data revealed significant preparation effects of additional second language instruction for the CLIL students. When controlling selection and preparation effects, only a small and non-significant CLIL effect occurred measured by a C-test. We discuss the results with regard to previous inconsistent findings.     

网络外语教学平台管理和维护现状分析及对策研究

随着现代教育技术在外语教学中的广泛应用,网络外语教学平台管理和维护已经成为进一步提高外语教学效果的研究课题。针对当前网络外语教学平台的运行现状和存在问题,强调了在学生、网管、教师组成的教学单元中网管的技术支持和教学辅助作用,初步探索了网络管理和维护服务外语教学的有效性,并提出了针对性的对策建议。     

Culturally colored didactics: The sociopolitical at the heart of second/foreign language teaching in Francophone geolinguistic spaces

This article analyzes sociopolitical influences in the construction of national didactic spaces. First, it provides a general framework of analysis. Second, it argues that Francophonie (the French-speaking countries and communities of the world collectively) constitutes geopolitical spaces sharing linguistic, cultural, economic and institutional constructions but that it is culturally and linguistically varied. This sociopolitical context gives rise to particular ideologies of language and to the consequent need for second/foreign language didactics. The examples of France and Quebec are used to show how contexts influence these didactics. Third, from the locus of professional associations, the paper shows empirically how geographic didactic clusters are both culturolinguistically colored and continentally influenced. It concludes that dealing with diversity (didactic diversity or linguistic and cultural diversity) is not an easy task: Both second/foreign language didactics and the constituent communities of Francophonie are searching for ways of being together in a postmodern world.     

Developing professional learning for staff working with children with speech,language and communication needs combined with moderate‐to‐severe learning difficulties

This article presents research undertaken as part of a PhD by Carolyn Anderson who is a senior lecturer on the BSc (Hons) in Speech and Language Pathology at the University of Strathclyde. The study explores the professional learning experiences of 49 teachers working in eight schools and units for children with additional support needs in Scotland. In particular, she examines the professional learning experiences of teachers working with children with speech, language and communication needs (SLCN) combined with moderate‐to‐severe learning difficulties. While the teachers under study predominantly engaged with informal professional learning, she observes that they often expressed a lack of confidence in this form of professional development, tending to value formal learning regardless of impact. In response she raises a number of important questions about the role of Initial Teacher and Postgraduate Education and the ways in which schools understand reflective practice.     

高师外语教学中培养学生自主学习能力的探讨与实践

在高师外语教学中,学生的学习主动性、独立性和自觉性相对弱一些,表现出明显的随意性和不稳定性.通过激发学生学习兴趣,创设和谐的自主学习环境,关注"合理性错误",可以有效提高学生自主学习的能力和稳定性.     

外语学习者合作对话研究综述

学习者合作对话研究从传统二语习得研究视角下的互动研究发展到以社会文化理论为指导的语言相关片段研究。这一领域的主要研究内容有学习者合作对话组织形式、学习者合作对话的内容取向、学习者的语言熟练程度对语言相关片段数量和质量的影响和学习任务类型对合作对话的影响。研究还存在诸多局限,有待进一步深化和拓展。     

知识构建理论对信息时代外语教学发展趋势的启示

利用外语进行有效的跨文化交际是学习外语的最终目的。跨文化交际中的多模态识读能力和交际能力是学习者进行可持续性知识发展创新的基础。同时，可持续创新知识构建应成为开放共享、民主化信息时代外语教学发展的方向。     

母语习得分析对外语教学的启示

对比幼儿母语习得与外语教学之间的差异发现,幼儿和外语学习者在学习目的、学习动机、所接触的语言文化环境和对待语言文化及错误的情感因素上都存在差异;同时发现学习语境中教授者的合作性和对待偏误的态度也存在差异。文章建议外语教学从学习者和教授者两方面入手,学习幼儿母语习得的成功因素,以提高外语教学的效能。     

认知论和建构主义学习理论在外语网络教学平台设计中的应用

随着我国对外语教学改革的发展,认知论和建构主义学习理论对外语教学改革产生了巨大的影响。越来越多的教师与学者都认为认知论和建构学习理论在许多方面都适用于网络环境下的教学活动。本文首先对认知论和建构主义学习理论进行简单的介绍,然后再详细分析其在设计外语网络教学平台中的几个教学模块中的应用。