Kames and elocution

Two studies were conducted to examine the relationships among different dimensions of empathy, communication, and prosocial behavior. Study one provides a test of three models hypothesized to explain this process. Results of this study indicated support for altruism as a motivator of prosocial behavior and suggest that the egoism and dual‐process models are unlikely explanations. Study two was conducted in hopes of identifying additional support for the model that emerged from study one. The second study fully replicated the findings of the first study. Results from both studies suggest that prosocial behavior is motivated primarily by concern for others. Moreover, emotional reactions to the perceived distress of others are preceded by a concern for others. Together, these findings strongly support an altruistic interpretation of prosocial behavior and suggest that the egoistic model be reformulated.     

Pre‐deliberation moderation on choice dilemmas: proposing a moderation–elasticity theory of choice shift

A moderation–elasticity theory to explain the choice shift is proposed and tested. The theory predicts that group members engage in moderation of initial decision choices in anticipation of future interaction. These moderate choices are strategic in nature, and thus are posited to disappear when anticipated interaction is eliminated. Moderation–elasticity is proposed as a form of predeliberation normative influence. A test of the theory finds support for both moderation and elasticity processes on choice dilemma item decisions.     

Creating a Library-Wide Collection Management Cycle: One Academic Library’s Approach to Continuous Collection Assessment

Abstract

Collections assessment in academic libraries has experienced a shift in recent years from project-based models to continuous models that aim improve the responsivity of library collections to campus needs. This article reports on how one university library used a library committee with representation from across library departments to develop a holistic, on-going Collection Management Cycle. This newly created process evaluates the entire library collection over a five-year period and aligns with library reporting requirements for university program review to minimize additional workload and improve the impact of external reporting activities.     

Generalized preferential attachment considering aging

Preferential Attachment (PA) models the scientific citation process. In the PA model, a new paper attaches itself to the citation network based only on the popularity of the currently existing papers. This invariably leads to a network whose degree distribution satisfies the Power Law. Yet, empirical results show that paper age should also play a role in the citation process. In other words, when references are chosen for a new paper, the age of an existing paper may also affect the choice for citing. In this paper, we derive a generalized PA model that includes the effect of aging, with analytical solution. Such a model can be used to analyze the competing influence of preferential attachment and aging effect quantitatively in citation process and explain differences in various research domains by the extent of aging. It may also serve as a general model of network formation.     

从Google数字图书馆计划看合理使用的新发展

通过研究合理使用在数字时代的存在价值及其发展,分析Google数字图书馆计划涉及合理使用的几个主要法律问题,结合数字环境下合理使用判定的主要标准进一步分析其在美国法律制度下是否属于合理使用,并将我国目前数字图书馆建设的若干典型模式与Google模式作比较,提出双层合理使用模式的方案,最后阐述欧盟、美国和中国等合理使用制度的新发展。     

How Can We Tell When a Heuristic Has Been Used? Design and Analysis Strategies for Capturing the Operation of Heuristics

Communication research based on social cognition draws heavily from dual process models such as the heuristic-systematic model. Both heuristic and systematic processing are said to be aided by quick rules of thumb or mental shortcuts called heuristics. However, the operationalization of heuristics is quite problematic because their use in decision-making is not directly measured. Scholars claim the operation of specific heuristics in specific situations, based often on clever experimental evidence. We propose a methodological framework that calls for both manipulation and measurement of heuristics in order to offer more direct evidence of their operation. We first review different existing approaches in the literature for operationalizing heuristics. We then discuss our approach and describe the application of moderated mediation to analyze the resulting data. We conclude with a study idea and simulated data that illustrate how our proposed design and analysis framework could be applied in communication research.     

基于数据包络分析的图书馆效率评价方法的修正与调适

数据包络分析具有评价客观、算法简单及评价结果全面的特点,适用于图书馆的效率评价。但是在使用数据包络分析过程中,由于其固有的规定性及图书馆效率评价的特殊性,需要对评价指标的确定、数学模型的选择及数据包络分析用于图书馆效率评价的条件作出修正与调适,以保证评价结果的准确性与指导性。     

The Korean government's electronic record management reform: The promise and perils of digital democratization

Recently, the Korean government instituted a reform in its archives with the goal of increasing transparency in government and meeting the challenges of the new digital environment in records management. President Roh's administration focused on a “process and system” reform through a shift from paper-based records management to electronic records management. The E-jiwon task management system of the Office of the President, invented by President Roh himself, served as the archetype for the reform. This study explores and critiques the administration's choice of a “process and system” reform over institutional reform, examines the legal framework used to enact the reform and its shortcomings, and analyzes the benefits and deficiencies of the E-jiwon as a tool for democracy in the archives. It concludes that while the new digital environment can assist in promoting government transparency, technological change by itself is inadequate; ultimately, institutional change is necessary for true reform.     

How ‘free distribution’ impacts your business model: is it really free?

The widespread perceptions associated with digital technology and the internet are forcing publishers to look to ways to shift the balance of the burden of cost away from the user. We describe seven examples of ‘free’ distribution and discuss how they impact publishing business models.     

学术新人的信息行为研究

本文以三年级本科生为研究对象,通过给学生布置难度较大的课程论文,然后要求学生详细记录信息检索过程中的检索策略、检索过程、检索结果及思考。基于文本数据,采用内容分析法分析了实验对象的数据库、检索字段、排序方式以及限定条件的选择、检索结果记录数与二次检索的关系、检索式的构建中的用户行为。论文提炼了学生的检索模式,分别为文献计量模式、参考文献模式、核心期刊模式、搜索引擎模式、渐进模式以及常规模式。     

A connectionist model for commonsense reasoning incorporating rules and similarities

For the purpose of modelling commonsense reasoning, we investigate connectionist models of rule-based reasoning, and show that while such models can usually carry out reasoning in exactly the same way as symbolic systems, they have more to offer in terms of commonsense reasoning. A connectionist architecture, CONSYDERR, is proposed for capturing certain commonsense reasoning competence, which partially remedies the brittleness problem in traditional rule-based systems. The architecture employs a two-level, dual representational scheme, which utilizes both localist and distributed representations and explores the synergy resulting from the interaction between the two. CONSYDERR is therefore capable of accounting for many difficult patterns in commonsense reasoning with this simple combination of the two levels. This work shows that connectionist models of reasoning are not just “implementations” of their symbolic counterparts, but better computational models of commonsense reasoning.     

患者在线医疗团队服务选择行为影响因素研究——以好大夫在线为例

[目的/意义] 医疗团队服务是在线健康社区推出的一种新兴的在线医疗服务形式,研究影响患者选择医疗团队服务的因素,旨在对在线健康社区的发展提出实践建议,促进在线医疗服务的发展。[方法/过程] 基于好大夫在线医疗平台上的2 784个真实医生团队数据,构建影响在线医疗用户对团队医疗选择行为的研究模型,采用回归分析和bootstrap方法检验团队声誉、团队规模、团队回复速度、团队登录行为对患者的医疗团队选择行为的影响和团队价格的中介作用。[结果/结论] 结果表明,团队声誉、团队规模、团队回复速度、团队登录行为对患者的选择行为具有积极的影响,团队价格在团队声誉、团队规模与患者的医疗团队选择之间存在遮掩效应,在团队回复速度与患者的医疗团队选择之间存在中介效应。     

信息法学的4种研究模式及其研究方法

通过对信息法学已有成果的研究,分析现有的4种信息法学研究模式,即基于传统法学的研究模式、基于信息管理学的研究模式、基于部门分支法的研究模式和基于实证分析的研究模式。介绍4种研究模式的基本研究方法和存在的不足,在此基础上,论证基于跨学科研究、影响研究、平行研究和多领域研究的二元对立的信息法学新研究模式。     

Lost Choices and Eugenic Dreams: Wrongful Birth Lawsuits in Popular News Narratives

The discourses of wrongful birth lawsuits can provide important insights into the ways in which genetic models of health and responsibility are manifesting themselves in the twenty-first century. These lawsuits emphasize the concept of individual choice in ways that largely elide a significant narrowing in our understandings of what it means to be healthy. By placing the focus on the individual, the discussions of disability and the lack of social support for those with disability disappears from the conversation, making abortion seem like the only moral, and responsible, choice for families facing the possibility of a disabled child.     

Intrapreneurial Informants

As newspapers continue to wrestle with diminishing resources, they have, in part, turned to freelance journalists to help fill holes in content production. In light of this amplified reliance on freelancers, some media scholars have examined the ways in which they fit into the news process, arguing that they have the potential to override traditional journalistic norms in ways that can enhance news work and audience engagement while possibly breathing new life into news organization business models. Semi-structured interviews with 19 freelance journalists and nine newspaper editors in the United States help reveal that freelancers are harnessing social media to engage with and build audiences and individual brands. Freelancers frequently immerse themselves in social media experimentation that editors monitor and often incorporate into organizational strategies that may help inform newsroom practices and audience engagement. This hints at a shift for freelance journalists from the timeworn role of newsroom outsider to one of “intrapreneurial informant.”     

Visual Assertions: Effects of Photo Manipulation and Dual Processing for Food Advertisements

In our media landscape, consumers view a plethora of messages with visual assertions, created through postproduction photo manipulation, which communicate meaning at-a-glance. These visual assertions are processed initially and directly and greatly influence how consumers think, feel, and behave. Yet the impact of visuals, which likely color all processing, is not incorporated in persuasive message processing models. Using dual processing models from multiple disciplines as a theoretical foundation, this study demonstrates through two experiments that the effects of photo manipulation, as visual assertions, in food advertising increased consumers' perceptions of healthfulness, positive attitudes, and purchase intentions. Dual processing models for persuasive messages should be extended to account for the initial, influential visual processing of implied assertions, often manipulated during postproduction.     

从肯定到质疑——情报分析过程中的思维转换

认为情报分析人员思维误区导致情报分析失误,克服思维局限是改善情报分析效果的重要手段。将肯定假设的特征及其弊端与质疑假设的特点及其在情报分析中的作用进行对比,设计思维转换的流程,并提出训练情报分析人员形成质疑假设思维习惯的方法。     

The impact of Web publishing on the organization of cataloging functions

Cataloging rules have long been organized according to the physical format and monograph versus serial nature of publications. This organization of the rules has resulted in the rise of several typical organizational models that make these same delineations. Web publishing is having a profound effect on both the nature of publications and the number of electronic resources being published and selected for inclusion in library catalogs, and is causing a major shift in the type of materials finding their way into cataloging workflows. Institutions that organize their cataloging functions according to one of the traditional models are finding themselves increasingly unable to meet the demands being placed upon them in this new environment. Traditional models of organization can, and must, be modified to successfully deal with this problem.