Social structures and the flow of scientific information in public agencies: an ideal design

Despite widespread dissatisfaction with the quality of scientific information employed in planning and policy-making in public agencies, relatively little is known about the scientific information acquisition behaviors of public managers. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate research on scientific information acquisition in public agencies by suggesting that: (1) planning and policy-making are ‘policy technologies’ and share certain attributes with more traditional technologies; (2) many propositions developed in the literature on information flows in R&D labs are, therefore, helpful in structuring thinking about information flows in public agencies; and (3) it may be possible self-consciously to design social and organizational structures so as to enhance informal flows of scientific information. After gleaning some of the propositions concerning scientific information flows from the R&D management literature, an ‘ideal design’ approach is employed to develop a model in which the social and organizational structures of a public agency optimize scientific information flow.     

Innovation policy making in a federalist system: Lessons from the states for U.S. federal innovation policy making

Most observers argue that, in comparison with other advanced industrial nations, the U.S. has failed to develop a coherent and effective set of policies for industrial innovation. In contrast, in the 1980s, U.S. states forged ahead of the federal government in the development of technology policies. Yet, while some states have found the wherewithal to spend relatively large sums of money on an appropriate mix of well-designed policies; others, facing similar situations, have done little. Research conducted on the state policy-making process found that this variation was caused by a number of procedural factors. In fact, in the course of the research, two models of policy making were discovered. One was associated with well-funded and well-designed policies, the other was not.Significantly, the federal innovation policy-making process appears remarkably similar to the process of policy making followed in states doing the least. This article suggests that it is precisely because the federal policy-making process is so similar to the process in these latter states, that the U.S. has yet to develop a well-funded and well-designed innovation policy effort. This article outlines a reformulated federal policy-making process, closer to that used by the most successful states, which would significantly improve the innovation policy effort.     

从《科学:无止境的前沿》到美国科学基金会——美国科技政策过程的一个经典案例

本文旨在回顾与分析了从《科学:无止境的前沿》发表到美国科学基金会(NSF)建立的政策过程。本文首先简要介绍了美国公共政策过程的主要阶段,概括了NSF建立的政策过程,以及政策专家和主要参与者的作用。随后,按照议程设定、政策设计、政策择定和政策实施的顺序详细回顾了NSF的案例。通过分析讨论,提出了如下观点:(1)美国战后的科学政策是保守与自由两种理念共同作用的结果;(2)NSF的成立过程充满了争论、妥协,与各利益团体的相互作用;(3)这个过程中,没有完全的胜利者,也没有完全的失败者。Bush本人赢得了理念,但部分输掉了机构设计。     

基于大数据分析的全面创新改革试验政策影响评估

全面创新改革试验（以下简称“全创改”）是区域层面落实创新驱动发展战略的重要举措,是中国特色的创新政策转型实践,在一定程度上代表了创新政策未来的演进方向。然而由于政策系统复杂度高、政策资料无法公开获取等原因,全创改面临理论研究滞后于政策实践、政策实践缺乏理论研究支撑等问题。本文从政策评估视角出发,结合全面创新改革试验的政策特点和评估需求,提出采用网络大数据分析间接评估改革试验政策影响的方法。通过收集媒体和社会公众等政策利益相关者对全创改的舆论信息,识别相关信息的传播规律和特征,分析社会公众对全创改的重点关注内容,为政府优化和完善改革试验政策提供基于事实证据的决策依据,并结合评估结果提出完善改革试验的政策建议。     

如何看待科学顾问的身份困境?

随着社会知识化进程的不断推进,公共政策制定越来越需要科学和技术专业知识的支持,科学发现和技术发展对政策的影响已经形成一个独特的问题域,科学顾问成为当代政策制定过程中有重要影响的社会角色。然而,随着科学的客观性和知识的确定性被打破,专业知识和科学顾问对决策的指导作用也受到了质疑和挑战。本文认为,决策情境中事实判断和价值判断的相互纠缠和相互冲突,科学探究中认知真理性与政治决策中价值合理性可能出现的摩擦,导致了科学顾问的身份困境。本文将分析这一困境出现的原因,探讨科学顾问角色的新内涵,以进一步理解专业知识和科学家在决策中的独特作用及其限度。     

创新政策制订过程融合技术预见方法的思路

 技术预见构建了政产学研相关利益者交流沟通、共同塑造未来的平台,其结果在科技政策制订和科技规划制订中得到了大量的应用。目前创新政策是世界各国研究的热点,尽量提高创新政策制订的科学性和合理性是亟需解决的重大问题。促进相关利益者充分有效的交流沟通,就创新政策制订中的重大问题达成共识是提高创新政策制订的科学性和合理性的有效手段。为此,加强创新政策制订过程与技术预见的融合研究具有重要意义。本文从分析政策制订模式变革入手,提出了创新政策制订过程中融入技术预见的基本思路。在此基础上,本文提出了未来创新政策制订过程与技术预见融合的主要研究方向。     

Four challenges for a theory of informational privacy

In this article, I summarise the ontological theory of informational privacy (an approach based on information ethics) and then discuss four types of interesting challenges confronting any theory of informational privacy: (1) parochial ontologies and non-Western approaches to informational privacy; (2) individualism and the anthropology of informational privacy; (3) the scope and limits of informational privacy; and (4) public, passive and active informational privacy. I argue that the ontological theory of informational privacy can cope with such challenges fairly successfully. In the conclusion, I discuss some of the work that lies ahead.     

新能源汽车产业政策的国际比较研究

本文从产业创新链和政策工具两个维度构建了新兴产业政策研究的理论框架,选取五个典型的发达国家和"金砖国家",以新能源汽车产业为例运用内容分析法对比研究了相关政策。研究发现:从产业创新链的角度,政策的制定与出台必须结合产业的发展规律;从政策工具的角度,政策的侧重与完善必须瞄准产业发展的瓶颈;十个国家的政策样本表明,政策的完善程度与产业的发展实际基本一致。进一步,针对中国新能源汽车产业政策体系存在的问题,从加大供给端政策的出台力度、环境支撑端特别重视充/换电等基础设施的建设、需求端采取"短期以公共交通为主,长期发展私人交通"的策略三个方面提出相应的政策建议。     

基于文本内容分析法的我国公共信息资源开放政策协同分析

[目的/意义]随着大数据时代的到来,公共信息资源不断开放成为必然趋势。文章从政策力度和政策工具两个维度对我国公共信息资源开放政策文本进行量化分析,对于政府制定完善公共信息资源开放政策具有重要意义。[方法/过程]在对我国国家层面的299篇公共信息资源开放政策文本编码基础上,通过政策效力和政策工具协同测度模型,对我国公共信息资源开放政策的政策效力及政策工具演变进行分析。[结果/结论]研究发现,我国公共信息资源开放政策数量越来越多,政策总效力越来越大,但政策总效力增加的原因是由政策数量的增加引起的,政策平均效力有待提升。政策工具协同呈明显上升趋势,且政策的制定逐渐由单一政策工具使用转变为综合使用多种政策工具。供给型和环境型政策工具的协同使用较多,但缺乏对需求型政策工具的协同使用。政策工具内部子工具间协同差异较大,供给型最优。最后,为我国公共信息资源开放政策的制定提出了相关政策建议。     

新冠疫情应对决策中的研究证据使用:基于十个国家的定性比较分析

循证政策制定有助于提高政府决策的科学性和公共政策质量,尤其在公共危机状态下能够帮助决策者快速高效地做出决策。在当前的新冠疫情应对中,如何提升研究证据在决策中的使用已成为中外学界和实务界高度关注并亟待解决的问题。本文采用模糊集定性比较分析方法,以10个国家为研究样本,试图分析多重因素影响新冠疫情应对决策中研究证据使用的复杂因果机制。结果表明,各国新冠疫情应对决策中研究证据使用受到了多元复杂因素的影响,具有两条高研究证据使用的驱动路径和三条非高研究证据使用的驱动路径,决策者对研究证据的重视、足够的研究证据和良好的政治共识对各国新冠疫情应对决策中研究证据使用起着重要的促进作用。     

National Identity and the Informational Welfare State: Turkey and Malaysia Compared

Researchers have found a number of economic, technological, and political factors to be associated with the diffusion of information technology in developing countries. But cultural factors generally, and national identity in particular, have almost never been viewed as consequential. Castells and Himanen's 2002 study of the information society in Finland, in which the authors identify Finnish national culture as an impetus to the development of the country's informational welfare state, is the most prominent exception to this pattern. This article provides a critical overview of Castells and Himanen's research and revises their conceptual framework to focus on the specific choices states make in constructing their national identities and the effects of these choices on information policy and information technology diffusion. It demonstrates the value of this revised framework through a comparison of the historical trajectories of Turkey and Malaysia's nation-building projects, the incentives these projects have created for the two countries’ social and political elites, and the public information policies and programs that have resulted.     

美国政府农业公共政策分析

美国农业的生产方式和控制管理技能都属世界最先进之列，美国农业之所以成功，有其得天独厚的农业资源的因素，但更与经历市场竞争所形成的农业相关产业的组织结构、有竞争力的生产方式、积极的公共政策密切相关。美国是一个市场经济国家，但政府在对关键问题如农产品剩余、食品安全、支持与补贴等方面起着重要的管制作用。对美国的重点农业政策进行理性的研究，对于优化我国的三农政策具有重要意义。在两个大国间进行比较研究，从理论上讲是完全可行的，但在政策制定和执行中必须研究不同的自然条件、经济、社会和文化背景对农业制度的多方位影响。     

Modeling the relative efficiency of national innovation systems

Although a large amount of past research has theorized about the character of national innovation systems (NISs), there has been limited process-oriented empirical investigation of this matter, possibly for methodological reasons. In this paper, we first propose a relational network data envelopment analysis (DEA) model for measuring the innovation efficiency of the NIS by decomposing the innovation process into a network with a two-stage innovation production framework, an upstream knowledge production process (KPP) and a downstream knowledge commercialization process (KCP). Although the concept of innovation efficiency is a simplification of the innovation process, it may be a useful tool for guiding policy decisions. We subsequently use a second-step partial least squares regression (PLSR) to examine the effects of policy-based institutional environment on innovation efficiency, considering statistical problems such as multicollinearity, small datasets and a small number of distribution assumptions. The hybrid two-step analytical procedure is used to consider 22 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. A significant rank difference, which indicates a non-coordinated relationship between upstream R&D (research and development) efficiency and downstream commercialization efficiency, is identified for most countries. The evidence also indicates that the overall innovation efficiency of an NIS is mainly subject to downstream commercial efficiency performance and that improving commercial efficiency should thus be a primary consideration in future innovation policy-making in most OECD countries. Finally, the results obtained using PLSR show that the various factors chosen to represent the embedded policy-based institutional environment have a significant influence on the efficiency performance of the two individual component processes, confirming the impact of public policy interventions undertaken by the government on the innovation performance of NISs. Based on these key findings, some country-specific and process-specific innovation policies have been suggested.     

数据挖掘在公共图书馆管理决策中的应用

随着图书馆信息化建设的日益深入．大量的数据得以保存。但是传统的信息处理方式难以有效而及时地为管理决策提供综合而集成的信息，本文介绍数据挖掘的基本步骤和功能，以及其在公共图书馆管理决策中的应用。     

A structured method for smart city project selection

The concept of a smart city, based on advanced information and communications technology (ICT), emerged to mitigate the impact of rapid urbanization and was considered feasible. However, the selection of technology and policy for providing better services to citizens and ensuring sustainable development is a multiple-objective decision process that is usually performed by experts in relevant domains. The major goal of this study is to propose a structural method for policy selection, which consists of three phases. In the first phase, the modified Delphi method is used to determine the elements of the decision by surveying panel members for their opinions. In the second phase, an analytic hierarchy process is used to ascertain the priority of each alternative according to the goal of the decision. In the third phase, zero-one goal programming models are developed to select a feasible portfolio based on the political goal and the annual budget. We conducted an empirical study to demonstrate and validate that the proposed model can induce the municipality to consider citizens’ requirements, identify the strengths and weaknesses of proposed policies, and select a feasible project portfolio in response to public expectations. In addition, the study found that a feasible portfolio, including consideration of citizens, business, and the environment, enables the public perceptions of government performance within the resource constraints of the organization.     

The use of information by environmental planners: A qualitative study using Grounded Theory methodology

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of information by environmental planners. The study used the Grounded Theory method to develop a theoretical model that explains the reasons for using information and the factors that motivate such use. Forty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted in workplace environments to collect data on the way the respondents used information in projects that they had done before. Data were analysed in accordance with the Grounded Theory techniques of constant comparison. The study found that the planner’s perceptions of: their own competences, resistance of the stakeholders, role requirement; and the impressions on the enabling effect of the information environment drive the self-empowerment behaviour of the planners. This behaviour is characterised by actions involving information acquisition, packaging as well as giving information to stakeholders during the facilitation of the environmental planning process. The experiential knowledge levels of individuals enhance the self-empowerment behaviour exhibited by environmental planners. Based on the informational power derived from the self-empowerment activities, the planners select a strategy for participation that they deem appropriate for an environmental planning project, consequently facilitating the process to develop widely accepted environmental plans.     

融合词向量语义增强和DTM模型的公共政策文本时序建模与演化分析——以“大数据领域”为例

【目的/意义】探测特定领域政策文本语义主题,揭示我国政策部署领域与未来发展趋势。【方法/过程】提出 一种融合词向量语义增强和DTM模型的公共政策文本时序建模与可视化方法,采用DTM模型实现政策文本的时 序切割和主题建模,利用深度学习Word2vec算法中Skip-gram词嵌入技术可以对上下文词汇进行有效预测,增强 其语义表达性和政策解释性,以更为准确地揭示我国公共政策的部署重点。【结果/结论】实验表明本文提出的方法 对于公共政策主题识别和政策文本量化具有更好的知识抽取和语义表达能力,对我国公共政策挖掘和信息揭示具 有良好的揭示。【创新/局限】提出融合词向量语义增强和DTM模型的公共政策文本时序建模方法,一定程度上提 升了政策文本的主题语义表达,未来考虑利用深度学习技术如LSTM算法、BERT模型等识别政策中的领域知识单 元和语法结构。     

2009—2016:中国科技成果转化政策文本的定量分析

搜集2009—2016年间我国涉及科技成果转化的153项政策文本,对这些政策文本的制定主体、政策类型、文本数量进行系统的定量定性分析,并且将政策文本的内容归纳为11个维度,研究分析每个维度的现有政策的具体内容。研究发现,在2009—2016年间,我国科技成果政策中最为常用的政策工具是资金投入、人才、科技成果信息汇交与科技中介服务、激励、税收。同时,政府部门间的协调有增强的趋势。针对目前我国的科技成果转化政策存在的不足,提出针对性的建议。     

国外推进自主创新的政策模式及其对我国建设创新型城市的启示

从创新的含义与创新理论渊源出发,在总结国外推进自主创新政策一般模式的基础上,认为目前国外推进自主创新政策措施主要集中在部门之间合作、创新基础设施建设、知识产权保护、人才的流动与培养、政府对创新活动的管理以及区域创新政策的协调等方面,旨在形成企业、科研机构、高校、消费群体、政府部门共同组成的创新集群环境。这对于城市创新政策缺乏协同性和集成度的我国来说。努力构建和谐统一的创新政策环境,加大创新基础设施建设,加强知识产权保护与人才队伍建设,使创新资源集中化发展,形成集群化的创新源,是我国建设创新型城市中必须重视的问题。