Implicit theories of communicative competence: The semantics of social behavior

Observers evaluating the competence of communicators use both observed behaviors and traits inferred from these behaviors in their evaluation. In order to understand the process by which these evaluations are made, the manner in which the beliefs about trait/behavior relationships that underlie this process must be understood. Based on analysis of judgments of prototypical “communicators” of different skill levels and of actual people, trait/behavior relationships are, with one exception, similar across competence level and communicative situation.     

An investigation of Machiavellianism and imagined interaction

The present study attempted to link social cognition and personality by investigating cognitive planning, or imagined interactions, related to Machiavellianism. Results indicated that high and low Machs differ significantly on three different dimensions identified by research on imagined interaction. These results suggest that, at least to some degree, the Machiavellian trait is correlated with certain types planning for communication in interpersonal situations.     

The role of cognitive competence in the art museum experience

The gap between the potential for works of art in museums to offer unique experiences, and the actual outcomes of visitor encounters, highlights the importance of the cultural competence of museum visitors. However, when applied to museum visiting, cultural competence should be primarily treated as perceptual and cognitive—one needs to exercise the perceptual activities that works of art require in order for a museum visit to register as some form of satisfying experience. The main part of the paper is devoted to discussion of some aspects of the perceptual basis of cultural competence required for perception of works of art—the problem of attention, the misplaced dichotomy of ‘museum viewing’ versus ‘everyday perception’, and the problem of defining the current cognitive style. It is argued that one of the greatest challenges to the museological profession is the problem of how to engage the complex issues of perception, vision and subjective experience more properly in the museological discourse, so that they can be reflected in theories of presentation and interpretation.     

Attaining information literacy: An investigation of the relationship between skill level,self-estimates of skill,and library anxiety

Competency theory predicts a miscalibration between students' self-assessments of their information literacy skills and their actual skill level. This study investigates whether such a disparity is evident among incoming freshmen who test as non-proficient on a standardized test of information literacy. In addition, this study analyzes Information Literacy Test scores and library anxiety test scores to provide preliminary data on whether library anxiety is related to information literacy skill attainment. Findings reveal that the relationship between information literacy skills and self-assessments predicted by competency theory are evident in the domain of information literacy. This study did not find an association between information literacy skill scores and total library anxiety scores. However, a significant negative correlation between information literacy scores and the subscale “knowledge of the library” indicates that as information literacy scores rise, anxiety scores related to a lack of knowledge of the library fall. The findings suggest that traditional information literacy instruction may not be effective with non-proficient students, who are unlikely to see themselves as needing or benefiting from such instruction.     

The impact of interaction expectancies on the relationship between attitude dissimilarity and interpersonal attraction

This study examined factors that were predicted to be related to the effect that attitude dissimilarity has on interpersonal attraction in the first few minutes of an initial interaction. In this study, 114 participants engaged in dyadic interactions with same‐sex partners that varied in attitude similarity. Prior to and after interacting with one another, participants rated their partner's personal character and whether they believed that a future interaction would be a positive one. These data revealed that the perceived quality of future interactions significantly improved over time and character attributions partially improved. The global predictions made in this study were framed and supported as an expectancy violation explanation.     

On the relationship between download and citation counts: An introduction of Granger-causality inference

Studies on the relationship between the numbers of citations and downloads of scientific publications is beneficial for understanding the mechanism of citation patterns and research evaluation. However, seldom studies have considered directionality issues between downloads and citations or adopted a case-by-case time lag length between the download and citation time series of each individual publication. In this paper, we introduce the Granger-causal inference strategy to study the directionality between downloads and citations and set up the length of time lag between the time series for each case. By researching the publications on the Lancet, we find that publications have various directionality patterns, but highly cited publications tend to feature greater possibilities to have Granger causality. We apply a step-by-step manner to introduce the Granger-causal inference method to information science as four steps, namely conducting stationarity tests, determining time lag between time series, establishing cointegration test, and implementing Granger-causality inference. We hope that this method can be applied by future information scientists in their own research contexts.     

An investigation into the cause of corrosion on indoor bronze sculpture

Abstract

Corrosion noted on a number of nineteenth and twentieth century indoor bronze sculptures in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada was the cause for a major condition survey of its Canadian, American, and European bronzes. The results led to a comprehensive study, which included material analysis. This article outlines the steps undertaken to determine the extent and type of corrosion, its possible cause(s), and potential remediation. The survey included 136 bronzes, of which 40 were selected for an in-depth study. Indoor air quality tests of the current building, housing the collection since 1988, were carried out. The dossiers and database records of the selected sculptures were reviewed to investigate their condition, treatment, and storage history. The metal, patina, and corrosion products were subjected to analysis. More areas of corrosion were generally associated with predominantly green patinas and chloride-containing compounds identified in either patina or corrosion samples. The most frequently identified compounds in the patina samples were atacamite, a copper(II) chloride hydroxide, and cuprite, a copper(I) oxide. The most frequently identified compounds in the corrosion samples were atacamite and rouaite, a copper(II) hydroxide nitrate. The analysis determined that the current environment is not contributing to the surface alterations of the sculptures; however, past storage conditions, chemical residues from artificial patination, and likely casting residues are the main causes of the current condition.     

The use of branding by trade publishers: An investigation into marketing the book as a brand name product

Publishing has traditionally been an introspective industry, and while this is gradually changing, there is a need for publishers to adopt a more market-led approach. This requires the development of branding strategies to increase levels of recognition and consumer loyalty among the book buying public. The nature of the book as a product presents difficulties in applying branding theory to the industry and this study provides an insight into the issues involved in branding the imprint and the author and examines how some trade publishers are addressing these issues. The study also examines the public perception of brands within the trade sector and examines how much impact publishers’ brands have made with the consumer.     

我国高校图书馆部门设置调查研究

通过调查我国30所高校图书馆的部门设置,并与美国高校图书馆部门设置对比,分析我国高校图书馆部门设置状况和新变化,并得出简要结论.     

The impact of an older adult parent on communicative satisfaction and dyadic adjustment in the long-term marital relationship: adult-children and spouses' retrospective accounts

This research examined adult-children and their spouses' (N v = v 15 dyads) self-reports of communicative behaviors in the long-term marital relationship when caring for an older adult parent in their home and long-term married couples (N v = v 34 dyads) not caring for a parent. A quasi-experimental retrospective design was implemented to determine the effect of an older adult parent on the relational change of the adult marital dyad. Results of a mixed model ANOVA revealed a significant 2-way interaction effect in a negative direction regarding communicative satisfaction for long-term married couples after a parent has moved into the adult-child home with no other substantial or significant findings. An analysis of the means indicated that the interaction effect is a function of the fact that having a parent present slightly decreases marital satisfaction, whereas when the parent is not present satisfaction increases. Implications of the results for the study of caring for an older adult parent in the adult-child and spouse long-term marital relationship are discussed, and future applications of the life span developmental perspective are suggested     

图书馆核心能力及其培育

核心能力是图书馆得以生存和发展的基础.文章对图书馆核心能力的各种概念及特征进行了辨析,得出图书馆核心能力是通过对资源、技能、过程的有机协调与整合形成的独具服务竞争力的论断,并进而对图书馆核心能力的培育原则和培育途径进行了探讨.     

大学生移动阅读行为调查分析及其策略研究

对济南大学在校生的移动阅读行为进行了调查分析,并针对学生的移动阅读情况,提出高校图书馆基于大学生移动阅读需求的服务对策。     

An experimental study of the relationship between opinionated leadership and small group consensus

This study examined the relationship between the opinionated quality of leaders’ statements and small group consensus. Confederates trained to exhibit differing levels of opinionatedness served as “appointed” leaders of policy‐making groups. Groups with unopinionated leaders came closer to total consensus than groups whose leaders exhibited deliberately opinionated communication behavior. In addition, unopinionated leaders were rated more competent and more objective by their group members than were opinionated leaders. Findings relating opinionated leadership to maintenance of influence and member satisfaction were inconclusive.     

Interpersonal communication motives and message design logic: exploring their interaction on perceptions of competence

Message design logic and interpersonal communication motives were conjointly studied to assess their interaction on receivers' perceptions of senders' competence. Two 8 (motive)×3 (message design logic) repeated measures ANOVAs indicated significant interaction effects for both effectiveness and appropriateness. Nevertheless, the effects of design logic and motive on perceptions of competence were not as expected for some situations. The results of the study fail to support past research suggesting that perceived effectiveness and appropriateness will be enhanced by using a more complex message design. In addition, no pattern emerged for the instrumental versus the ritualistic motivations in terms of the most competent message design.     

The journal of radio studies: An introduction volume II

The advent of Internet-delivered radio made possible through streaming technology promises to confront the industry with new challenges. Although computer-mediated radio promises to open new markets and revenue streams, this latest technological miracle also has the potential to further fragment audiences and create new competitive demands. This study surveys 50 Delphi panelists to ascertain the top operational challenges promulgated by this technology and offers some recommendations for entrepreneurs seeking to enter the arena of streamed radio.     

The relationship between the developmental level of persuasive strategies and their effectiveness

Research on the development of persuasive communication skills has described the emergence of four basic strategies in persuasive messages. This study includes two experiments to assess the role these strategies play in the process of gaining compliance. In both, college students received messages requesting they volunteer for an experiment and advocating compliance. Messages differed in the level of strategic adaptation of the compliance‐gaining appeal they offered. In general, form of request (supported versus unsupported) and content of specific message appeals influenced compliance, but level of strategic adaptation made little or no contribution to message effectiveness.     

网络不同媒体组合的传播效果检测分析

本文通过对多通道刺激反应心理学理论的回溯 ,援引美国传播学教授斯·斯亚姆·山德尔 (S .ShyamSundar)在 2 0 0 0年所做的网站多媒体组合信息传播实验结果———在目前网络软硬件技术还有待大幅度提高的情况下 ,越多的媒体参与网络传播 ,并不一定能取得好的传播效果。本文借此提出文本 图片是目前网站较为合适的信息传播形式的观点。     

An experimental design approach to investigating the relationship between Internet book reviews and purchase intention

This investigation examined the effects of Internet book reviews on consumer purchase intention. The total number of reviews and their length, the number of negative book reviews, and the order in which reviews appear were found to significantly influence customers’ book purchase intention. These results can assist book retailers to better understand the effects of various attributes in consumers’ book purchase process, as well as to manage book reviews effectively.