元认知能力对运动技能学习影响的研究

运用文献资料法、专家访谈法、问卷调查法、实验法等,对元认知能力对运动技能的影响作了初步研究,结果表明:元认知能力高的大学生运动成绩也高,元认知能力低的大学生运动成绩相对要低,高元认知水平对运动成绩的影响比低元认知水平要大。     

A Comparison of the Effects of Physical and Mental Practice in Learning a Motor Skill

Abstract

This study sought to determine the relative effectiveness of mental and physical practice upon the learning of a selected motor skill, and the possible differential effects of mental practice during different stages of the learning period.

Ninety-three male volunteers were used as subjects. They were randomly assigned to the following five treatment conditions: control, mental practice, physical practice, mental-physical practice, and physical-mental practice. Practice consisted of throwing rubber balls at a target from a distance of 15 ft. The practice periods lasted for 18 days.

Initial and final tests were administered to determine the increase in skill. Data, which consisted of gain scores, were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results indicated that the only significant improvement occurred in the combination-type treatment conditons. Trend analysis was used to evaluate the changes in the daily practice scores. The results showed that either mental or physical practice was equally effective during the first half of the skill development period.     

运动技能获得中的内隐学习与外显学习及其实质

采用文献资料与逻辑推理方法对竞技能力结构“木桶理论”内涵、特征进行了分析和思考,认为在有关竞技能力结构的诸多理论中,“合金理论”对“木桶理论”的批判只是以“合金”替代了“桶片”,两者并无实质性差异。积木、胶泥理论描述了竞技能力结构各要素的整合关系,但是没有能够对转移、补偿的可能性、有效性和积极性以揭示。木桶胶泥的“双子模型理论”集诸家理论之长,既强调了竞技能力结构中“短板”的制约作用,又将其视为一个动态的具有内部迁移和转移特性的自组织系统,所以仍然是运动训练学中竞技能力结构理论的“元”理论。     

运动技能获得中的内隐学习与外显学习及其实质

运动技能获得中,人类存在着两种性质不同的并行的信息加工过程:一种是人们熟知的外显学习,具有随意性、需耗费心神、心理资源有限等特点;另一种是人们最新研究发现的内隐学习,具有不随意性、无需耗费心神、心理资源无限等特点。这两种学习机能是人脑的整体功能,在技能学习中相互协同,在一定条件下可以相互转化。     

Motor Skill and Behavior Adjustment: An Exploratory Study

Abstract

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a supplementary physical education program in improving selected motor skills and behavior adjustment of primary school children who were poor in motor skills and deficient in behavior adjustment. Tests were administered to members of two experimental groups (instruction and non-instruction) and two control groups (deviant and normal) at various times during a one-year period. Improvement in motor performance demonstrated by each of the two experimental groups was significantly greater than such improvement made by each of the control groups. The level of motor performance attained by each of the experimental groups did not significantly differ from the level of motor performance exhibited by normal primary school children. Changes in behavior adjustment among the participants were not statistically significant.     

动作技能的内隐学习研究进展

近些年来,内隐学习已成为备受关注的学科前沿,且在不同领域相继有了一定的成果.本文从内隐学习的内涵和特征入手,详细阐述了对动作技能内隐学习概念的理解,在研究中使用的范式方法,内隐策略下运动技能获得的效果,及针对运动技能内隐获得在某些条件下相对于外显学习的优势效应,综述了运用内隐学习策略在动作技能学习中的几种较实际的技术,并对未来的继续研究进行了展望,以期为当前的动作技能学习提供一些参考.     

Self-Controlled Amount of Practice Benefits Learning of a Motor Skill

Abstract

Self-control over factors involving task-related information (e.g., feedback) can enhance motor learning. It is unknown if these benefits extend to manipulations that do not directly affect such information. The purpose of this study was to determine if self-control over the amount of practice would also facilitate learning. Participants learned to throw a dart using their nonpreferred hand. The self-control (SC) group decided when to stop practice. The yoked group completed the same number of trials as their SC counterparts. Results revealed the SC group was more accurate during transfer and in recalling the number of trials completed. These findings indicate that self-control benefits extend to factors that do not directly alter task-related information.     

运动技能学习中提高学生反馈能力的方法研究

采用文献资料法对信息反馈系统中内部反馈和外部反馈的不同作用以及它们之间的相互关系进行研究,内部反馈在动作技能形成中起着重要作用。在体育教学训练实践中应采取:建立动作表象和动作概念;进行表象训练;向练习者提供正确动作的感觉信息;利用动作间的迁移和组织练习者自评自测的方法以及降低外部反馈使用频率的方法提高练习者的内部反馈能力。     

内隐优势效应与运动技能学习

自1965年Reber发现内隐学习以来,内隐学习的研究已取得了很大发展,且逐渐成为当今学习和认知心理学领域的热点课题。随着内隐学习研究的不断深入,内隐学习在运动技能学习中的优势效应也日益突显。本文分析整理了内隐学习的研究成果,并着重分析了运动技能学习中内隐学习的优势效应,以此为依据为技能教学提出建议,从而使技能教学更加有效、顺利的实施。     

运动技能学习与控制的闭环控制模式

通过对运动技能学习与控制的闭环控制模式的组成及其在运动技能学习与控制过程中的机制的阐述,以及对闭环控制模式中视觉控制的简要介绍,来建构运动技能学习与控制的认知模式,丰富有关运动技能学习与控制的认知理论内容,推动我国运动认知心理学的发展。     

Effects of Class Size upon the Learning of a Motor Skill

Abstract

This study inquires into the effects of class sizes of approximately 15, 37, and 60 students on the learning of a motor task (as measured by the Dyer Backboard Tennis Test) by college students during a nine-week period meeting twice a week. The primary independent variable was the size of the classes. The results show that: (a) students in a small-sized group performed significantly higher (P < .05) than subjects in the larger-sized group; (b) pupils in the small-sized group did not produce a significant difference (P > .05) when compared with individuals in the middle-sized group; and (c) students in the medium-sized group scored higher, but not significantly so (P > .05), than subjects in the large-sized group.     

运动技能类比学习研究

类比学习是一种新的内隐学习方法,在运动技能学习领域得到广泛应用。采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法,对运动技能类比学习的特征、机制及其与外显学习的系统效应进行探讨,发现类比学习具有抗应激性、抗干扰性、自动性,并有利于决策任务的完成,这可能是因为类比学习较少占用工作记忆资源。类比学习与外显学习相结合产生协同效应,两者的最佳组合方式受任务性质、任务难度以及初学者年龄的影响,指出当前该领域研究的局限性以及今后的研究方向。     

运动技能与学习方法的匹配性研究

在我国教育课程改革的浪潮中,“发现学习”以培养探究思维和创新精神的独特价值,受到人们前所未有的关注。“探究”、“合作”、“自主”也成为体育课程中大力提倡的学习方式。但是,倡导新的学习方式绝不是对传统学习方式——“接受学习”的颠覆,因为世界上没有万能的,最好的教育方法,只有灵活的、最适合的教学方法。因此,根据运动技能的不同特点,探讨有针对性的体育教学方法,才在“增效减负”的实施中具有现实的意义。     

运动技能的内隐学习与脑潜能开发

内隐学习是无意识地获得刺激环境操作规则及潜在结构的过程,是不同于人类外显学习的另一种学习模式。运动技能的内隐学习在技能的保持时间、复杂技能的掌握、应激条件下等方面表现出的优势及特点表明:运动员脑潜能开发不仅在于创造条件使内隐学习与外显学习相互转化,更在于着手开发儿童时期运动技能的内隐学习水平以促进脑功能模块的构建。提示,其潜能开发应提供多种环境刺激、暗示训练等模式。     

练习变异性在运动技能学习中的研究进展

练习变异性与一般动作程序的参数变化有关,是通过改变运动参数及不同的背景干扰效应对练习效果产生影响,相对比于以往的固定练习法,变换练习法能够使参与者在练习运动技能过程中因环境、速度、距离、力量等参数的不同,从而体验到不同的运动特征,有效地促进运动技能的学习。现就近10年的研究成果进行综述,希望为今后的研究带来裨益。     

动作技能学习中追加反馈的研究综述

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Robb,M.D.Feedback and learning.Research Quarterly,1968,39,175～184.

Xavier Sanchez,and Theodores,M.A.Augmented feedback over a short period of time:Does it improve netball goal-shooting performance? Sport psychological.2006,37,349～358.

Wrisberg,C.A.,Wulf,G.Diminishing the effects of reduce frequency of knowledge of results on generalized motor program learning.Journal of Motor Behavior,1997,29 (1).

Janelle C.M.,Jingu,K.& Singer,R.N.Subject-controlled performance feedback and learning of a closed motor skill,Percept Motor skills 1995,81,627～634.

Janelle C.M.,Barba,D.A.,Frehlich,S.G,Tennant,L.K.and Cauraugh,J.H.Maximizing performance effectiveness through videotape replay and a self-controlled learning environment,Research Quarterly Exercise and Sport,1997,68,269～279.

Cyril Camachon,David M.Jacobs,and Mickal Huet.The Role of Concurrent Feedback in Learning to Work Through Sliding Doors.Ecological Psychology,2007,19 (4),367～382.

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高山滑雪运动技能学习过程中的技能迁移与信息反馈

采用文献资料法和实地观察法,探讨了高山滑雪运动中技能学习过程中的技能迁移和信息反馈两方面的内容。根据技能迁移和信息反馈的特点,提出了适合高山滑雪运动技能迁移方法及建立合理的信息反馈体系,以促进高山滑雪运动技能的学习。     

影响中学生动作技能学习因素的心理学分析及对策

文章通过对河南省实验中学等6所中学总计600名学生的问卷调查发现:学生的性别、胖瘦、身高、人际关系、异性关注度、运动经历、教师期待等因素都对中学生动作技能的学习有着重要的影响。结果显示:女生在学习动作技能中身高、胖瘦、运动经历方面影响较大;男生在动作技能学习中的人际关系、异性关注度方面影响较大,而教师的期待无论是男生还是女生都有很大影响;在中学生动作技能的学习中,中学生的心理对其学习技能的影响也不可忽视。     

观察和练习比例、任务复杂程度对运动技能学习的影响

采用实验法,探讨不同的观察学习和身体练习比例及任务复杂程度对追踪任务技能学习的影响.将受试分为简单任务学习组和复杂任务学习组,然后再根据比例将受试随机分为25%观察学习+75%身体练习组、50%观察学习+50%身体练习组及75%观察学习+25%身体练习组,进行为期3 d的计算机追踪任务学习.结果显示:对复杂任务学习而言,50%观察学习+50%身体练习比例的学习效果较好;对于简单任务学习而言,3种观察学习和身体练习比例的学习效果相同.