人类肢体运动的文化观照——兼评《肢体的游戏》

追溯体育的起源,学术界众说纷坛,有劳动说、军事说、教育说和游戏说等等,但可以肯定的是,上溯到今天意义上的体育源头,应是一些混沌、朦胧性的简单肢体活动和刚刚脱离低级动物后所保持的本能的嬉戏,或称游戏。当前国内体育界对体育的研究大都局限在其显性价值领域,如体育的经济、社会、教育功能等,鲜有探讨其隐性价值,如历史、文化、审美等精神层面的功用。用自然辩证法的观点来看,事物的发展应是平衡的,过度追求前者意义的挖掘,势必会“放大”体育,更有甚者,可能会异化体育,它从外部使体育加足马力,努力地干着本来并不属于自己份内的事情。而后者是体育的本义和先天生存的基准,它在功利主义     

运动生物力学方法在运动分析中的应用

随着科学技术的不断发展,运用运动生物力学方法对运动进行分析的手段变得越来越先进。为了给进行体育研究的人员提供分析思路与研究方法,对国内外目前普遍使用的运动学、动力学及将二者结合的方法进行综合评述,探讨各种方法的优缺点,并发现目前我国虽然较多使用运动学和动力学进行分析,但将两者结合起来进行分析者较少,就此提出将两种方法结合起来对运动项目进行分析的设想与思路,即通过等动测试获得做功关节处的肌力矩大小,并利用录像解析获得做功环节的运动学数据———角速度,将两者结合来分析功率输出情况。     

从协同论理论思考奥林匹克运动的发展方向

本文以协同论的理论方法，研究分析奥林匹克运动的发展方向。指出奥运发展中面临的政治干预、过度的商业开发、滥用兴奋剂等与奥运理想发生冲突的问题，是社会发展中产生的一种混沌、无序的现象，是理想与现实对称中出现的破缺。奥运系统只有与社会大系统和本身各系统内部不断进行演化和相互转化，发挥协同作用，才能使无序转为有序，使奥林匹克运动突破困扰，健康发展。     

人体动作模式的稳定性与灵活性

在当今竞技体育界,"竞技就是动作"逐步被大家接受。高水平运动员通过高效的人体动作,在世界大赛中展现其美轮美奂的竞技风采,执行高质量的动作模式和功能动作。其中,人体动作模式的稳定性与灵活性,是运动员创造优异成绩的重要基础。一、人体环节稳定性与灵活性侧重点的交替分布规律仔细观察和体会一下我们的身体环节就会发现,骶骨和腰椎     

Programming Time as a Function of Movement Constraint

Abstract

Although the benefits of exercise are well documented, an international problem of physical inactivity exists. More research, especially theory based, has been recommended. One promising approach for studying exercise behavior is that proposed in the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change. This model, however, has received minimal cross-cultural attention and, relative to the current study, measurement instruments have only recently been translated into the Finnish language. The purpose of this study was to assess American and Finnish college students' exercise behaviors on the basis of TTM. Participants were American (n = 169) and Finnish (n = 168) college students who completed language-specific measures of exercise behavior, stage of change, processes of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptation. The only cultural difference observed was that the American participants rated themselves higher on barrier self-efficacy relative to the Finnish participants. Regardless of nationality or gender, participants classified by their stage of change differed on all the core constructs assessed. These results generally support the utility of TTM for understanding American and Finnish college students' exercise behavior.     

专项体能训练手段在定向运动中的应用研究

采用文献资料﹑问卷调查、专家访谈﹑实验及数理统计的研究方法分析、总结定向运动专项体能训练方法,并制定训练计划。结论显示:1)专项体能训练以专项耐力为核心;2)多形式的定向比赛组合训练,合理安排运动方式的变化;3)定向越野在体能训练过程中加入读图﹑识图﹑路线选择等技能训练。     

网球爱好者FMS与运动损伤的相关性研究

采用功能性动作筛查的方法,对福州市网球俱乐部网球爱好者进行功能性动作筛查和运动损伤进行研究.结果表明:福州市网球爱好者的运动损伤部位主要发生在肩部、膝关节和肘关节;FMS平均得分为15.82分;FMS得分与运动损伤r=-0.398,具有统计学意义上负相关;FMS平均分截断点为16,验前概率为0.530,验后概率为0.545.即当福州市网球爱好者FMS得分低于16分时,发生运动损伤的概率从53.0％上升到54.5％.     

竞技健美操跳跃类难度动作C477运动学分析

运用三维实验测量为主的方法,对我国优秀竞技健美操运动员转体180°屈体跳再转体180°成俯撑C477进行运动学分析。     

定向运动作为普通高校校本课程开发的条件与意义

在我国,校本课程作为体育课程建设仍在探索中。本文是基于定向运动作为普通高校校本课程建设的探索,立意于研究定向运动作为普通高校校本课程开发的条件与意义,为定向运动的研究与发展提供理论依据。     

Movement velocity as a measure of exercise intensity in three lower limb exercises

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between movement velocity and relative load in three lower limbs exercises commonly used to develop strength: leg press, full squat and half squat. The percentage of one repetition maximum (%1RM) has typically been used as the main parameter to control resistance training; however, more recent research has proposed movement velocity as an alternative. Fifteen participants performed a load progression with a range of loads until they reached their 1RM. Maximum instantaneous velocity (V_max) and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) of the knee extension phase of each exercise were assessed. For all exercises, a strong relationship between V_max and the %1RM was found: leg press (r²_adj = 0.96; 95% CI for slope is [?0.0244, ?0.0258], P < 0.0001), full squat (r²_adj = 0.94; 95% CI for slope is [?0.0144, ?0.0139], P < 0.0001) and half squat (r²_adj = 0.97; 95% CI for slope is [?0.0135, ?0.00143], P < 0.0001); for MPV, leg press (r²_adj = 0.96; 95% CI for slope is [?0.0169, ?0.0175], P < 0.0001, full squat (r²_adj = 0.95; 95% CI for slope is [?0.0136, ?0.0128], P < 0.0001) and half squat (r²_adj = 0.96; 95% CI for slope is [?0.0116, 0.0124], P < 0.0001). The 1RM was attained with a MPV and V_max of 0.21 ± 0.06 m s^?1 and 0.63 ± 0.15 m s^?1, 0.29 ± 0.05 m s^?1 and 0.89 ± 0.17 m s^?1, 0.33 ± 0.05 m s^?1 and 0.95 ± 0.13 m s^?1 for leg press, full squat and half squat, respectively. Results indicate that it is possible to determine an exercise-specific %1RM by measuring movement velocity for that exercise.     

科氏力对人体运动的影响

依据科氏的产生和作用特点 ,从理论上集中讨论了地球自转对人体运动的影响。结论 :科氏力对大多数体能类项目和球类项目的技能发挥几乎没有影响 ;科氏力对一些包含空中技术动作或者带有空中飞行的技巧性运动项目和部分球类项目有影响 ,但影响甚微 ;科氏力对瞄准类运动项目的运动员技术发挥有影响 ,但这种影响在某一地区是恒定不变的。可以采用短期适应性训练手段调整。如果训练地和比赛地点存在较大的纬度差异 ,建议运动员能在比赛前一周左右时间到达比赛场地 ,针对时差、气候、海拔高度、科氏力、方向感等影响进行适应性综合训练     

我国击剑运动文献现状分析

对我国击剑运动文献状现状进行分析。结果显示,我国击剑类专著的数量少,出版年代陈旧,更新速度较慢,不能满足击剑运动快速发展的需要;击剑文献的选题主要集中在竞技体育的领域,学校体育和群众体育范围内的研究少。研究方法上定性分析研究居多,定量研究的比例过小;从研究内容的分布上看,有关技战术、训练实施和心理的内容占主导地位,各剑种间存在差异;有关花剑的研究最多,达到11．6％;重剑次之,占9．9％;佩剑最少,占5．5％。建议加大击剑运动的科研力度,鼓励跨学科多层次多部门的联合科研,发挥高等院校在科研中的重要作用,促进击剑运动的健康发展。     

Coming to know about the body in Human Movement Studies programmes

This paper explores how a group of undergraduate Human Movement Studies (HMS) students learnt to know about the body during their four-year academic programme at an Australian university. When students begin an undergraduate programme in HMS they bring with them particular constructions, ideas and beliefs about their own bodies and about the body in general. Those ideas and beliefs are often challenged, disrupted or reinforced according to discourses and practices to which students are exposed and which they experience throughout their programme of study. The courses that these students take in their in HMS degree programme present to them different perspectives about health and the body. Some perspectives take the status of taken-for-granted truths and others are dismissed or ignored. Taking a Foucauldian perspective, this paper explores the dominant discourses and practices to which this group of students was exposed during their four years of academic formation, and the influences that this exposure might have upon their construction of the body and their formation as pre-service Health and Physical Education (HPE) teachers. The participants in this study were 14 students, 11 females and 3 males, aged between 18 and 26 at the time of the first interview. The data used for this paper were taken from a larger study and were analysed using a content analysis approach. Results suggest that some students may be heavily influenced by certain practices and discourses during their programme of studies, and that they embody dominant discourses of health. Furthermore, a possible change of thinking may occur across their academic programme, as a consequence of their engagement with a few alternative discourses presented during their academic programme, disrupting some of their previous beliefs and knowledge.     

作为主题与工具的惯习:对拳手经历的反思

我在本文详述自己刚开始进行民族志研究的情况:当时我住在芝加哥黑人贫民区,撞进当地一家拳馆,那家拳馆便成了我田野研究的中心,我在那儿研究拳击手;那时我就打算写《身体与灵魂》一书,我在写作时运用皮埃尔·布迪厄的标志性概念——惯习,我既把这概念当成研究的方法,也希望通过自己的研究,经验性地解释这一概念。惯习既是我研究的主题:《身体与灵魂》剖析了拳馆这个熔炉如何改变了人的肉体与精神,以铸造出我这个合格的拳击家;惯习也是我研究的工具:在技术手段风行的经验研究领域,我用这一概念工具洞察种种社会现象。当时我既是个刚入行的社会学家,也是个刚入行的拳手,这项经验研究按前者的方法展现了后者的经历;作为刚入行的社会学家,我想从我的拳手经历中挖掘出更多的东西,找到其内在的逻辑与隐秘的特性;我认为可以把惯习当做检测社会行为的工具,我用双重身份检验了这一工具,发现这工具确实顺手好用。如果能把惯习概念运用得当,不仅可以用于发现社会行动的内在逻辑,还可为深度考察和亲身实践打下独特的理论基础。     

山西省本科院校运动人体科学实验室现状研究

为探索适应新时期体育专业实验教学内容体系,对山西省体育院校实验室现状进行了研究。结果表明,12所本科院校体育专业实验室方面普遍存在问题有:实验室设置不全、面积不达标、管理体制落后、实验仪器陈旧、实验人员结构不合理等。提出相应对策,希望能对改善山西省本科院校体育专业的实验室建设方面起到一定的积极作用。     

人体运动能耗分配关系的实验研究

目的估测人体运动过程中参与工作的各子系统的能耗,建立较为精细的人体运动能耗分配关系。方法研究对13名大学生(男性)进行了功率自行车设定负荷下的运动代谢实验、多域多维心功能检测以及动作技术影像拍摄和解析,并对人体运动能量系统和做功进行了建模分析。结果受试者在给定的相同负荷功率下以不同转速蹬功率自行车时的运动能耗差异显著;总搏功两两之间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);无用功两两之间比较差异显著(P<0.001)。结论心脏做功仅与负荷量(输出功率)有关,而在给定负荷情况下心脏做功与速度大小无关;运动参数的改变显著影响运动无用功,也影响总能量消耗;在中等强度踏蹬自行车运动中,呼吸系统、循环系统、骨骼肌系统分别消耗总能量的11.02%,52.86%,5.36%;剩余30%左右的能量为对外做功和移动肢体做功(分别为25.72%和5.04%)。研究还为估测运动能耗在不同系统间的分配关系提供了一种可行方法。