Relation of Performance of Selected Physical Skills to Perceptual Aspects of Reading Readiness in Elementary School Children

Abstract

Relationships between performance scores in reading achievement, Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception, Lincoln-Oseretsky Motor Development Scale, two perceptual-motor tasks and eye-hand dominance tests were studied in 75 first and second grade children. Correlations among many variables were significant although none were high enough for reliable prediction of one variable from another. Mixed eye-hand dominance was not found to be associated with deficient performance in any of the tests. Factor analysis failed to provide factors indicative of interrelationships among elements of visual, motor, and reading functions.     

Relationship between Achievement in Reading and Achievement in Selected Motor Skills in Elementary School Children

Abstract

The study was designed to determine the relationships between achievement in reading and achievement in selected motor skills for children in grades 1, 3, 5. The Iowa tests of basic skills were used to determine reading achievement and the Johnson motor achievement battery was employed to measure achievement in selected motor skills. The Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation was applied to compute the relationships between the reading and motor achievement variables. The subjects were divided into three reading achievement levels and Scheffe's method of comparing pairs of means from a two-way analysis of variance table was employed to determine if the achievement differences in the motor skills tests were significant. The following conclusions were drawn: a) Highly significant correlations were found to exist between achievement in reading and the throw and catch test and achievement in reading and the zig-zag run test; b) Little or no consistent relationship existed between achievement in reading and the kicking test or the jump and reach test; c) Significant differences among the selected reading levels were found for the throw and catch test and the zig-zag run test; d) Few significant differences among the selected reading levels were found for the kicking test and for the jump and reach test.     

中小学体育与健康课程中实践部分教学内容的优化与评价

目的:探讨游泳力竭运动后恢复不同时程基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)在小鼠小腿三头肌中的分布和表达。方法:制备小鼠游泳力竭运动模型,用免疫组织化学法研究小鼠游泳力竭运动后恢复不同时程小鼠小腿三头肌中MMP-2的分布和表达,并用计算机图像分析系统对结果进行分析。结果:(1)力竭运动后,恢复不同时程MMP-2在小鼠小腿三头肌中有不同程度的表达,阳性部位主要分布在慢肌肌纤维和肌内膜,快肌纤维肌膜内侧有较弱的免疫阳性反应;(2)游泳3h力竭运动后即刻,小腿三头肌中MMP-2表达量明显高于对照组(P<0.01);(3)游泳3h力竭运动后恢复1、6、12h,小腿三头肌中MMP-2表达量仍明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。其中在恢复6h时出现了MMP-2的表达高峰,与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.01);(4)随着恢复时间的延长,MMP-2表达量逐渐下降,恢复24h时MMP-2表达量已与对照组间无显著性差异。结论:力竭运动导致MMP-2的表达增加,而且在恢复过程中,骨骼肌中MMP-2表达具有时效性,这种表达可能与力竭运动后产生的骨骼肌过度疲劳和损伤有关。     

Kinesthetic Perception of the Vertical as a Function of Sport Experience

Abstract

Near-infrared spectroscopy is currently used to assess changes in the oxygen saturation of the muscle during exercise. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy in determining muscle oxygen saturation (StO₂) in the vastus lateralis during cycling and the gastrocnemius during running for exercise intensities at lactate threshold and maximal effort. Test-retest reliability was determined from an intraclass correlation coefficient obtained from a one-way analysis of variance. Reliability of muscle StO₂ for the gastrocnemius at lactate threshold was R = .87, and R= .88 at maximal effort. Reliability of muscle StO₂ for the vastus lateralis at lactate threshold was R= .94 and R = .99 at maximal effort.     

Effects of Mobility Patterning Techniques upon Selected Motor Skills of Primary School Educable Mentally Retarded Children

Abstract

This study compared the effects of mobility patterning techniques to the effects of special physical education activities upon selected motor skills of primary school educable mentally retarded children. The experimental group received the appropriate mobility patterns in creeping, crawling, and walking, which later were practiced in game situations. The control group received special physical education activities. Both groups received daily 30-minute classes, Monday through Friday, from September 1966 to December 1966. Based on the differences in leg power as measured by the hurdle jump and the standing broad jump, it appeared that the special physical education activities contributed more to the development of the subjects. However, neither program was more effective than the other in terms of dynamic balance, agility, or fine manual motor coordination.     

高水平运动技能训练中的运动知觉心理训练取向

针对目前高水平运动技能训练中解决细节问题时缺乏具体操作方法的现状,试图通过基础理论及运动专门化知觉训练范式的分析,以引起教练员对运动技能心理训练的重视。研究提出,应该重视心理训练在运动技能训练中的作用,心理训练不仅仅只是情绪管理,它还担负增强动作技能认知复述的任务;正确的运动知觉是运动反应的前提,专门化知觉训练是运动技能训练方法的取向;高水平运动技能训练中求质比求量更重要,破坏动力定型或认知结构的练习宁肯不做;建立科学的感知觉定位系统并结合有效反馈控制手段是操作策略;遮蔽、表象、反馈和量化控制等是技能细化的具体方法。     

影响中学生动作技能学习因素的心理学分析及对策

文章通过对河南省实验中学等6所中学总计600名学生的问卷调查发现:学生的性别、胖瘦、身高、人际关系、异性关注度、运动经历、教师期待等因素都对中学生动作技能的学习有着重要的影响。结果显示:女生在学习动作技能中身高、胖瘦、运动经历方面影响较大;男生在动作技能学习中的人际关系、异性关注度方面影响较大,而教师的期待无论是男生还是女生都有很大影响;在中学生动作技能的学习中,中学生的心理对其学习技能的影响也不可忽视。     

3～10岁儿童基本动作技能发展比较研究

儿童是形成并发展多种基本动作技能的关键期.运用美国大肌肉动作发展测试第二版(TGMD-2)对我国山东省济南市随机抽取的1 046名3～10岁的儿童(平均6.6±2.07岁)进行测试,将结果与美国常模进行对比,同时结合香港和巴西儿童基本动作技能发展情况进行比较研究.结果显示:济南市3～10岁儿童的移动和控制物体能力随着年龄的增长逐步提高,且移动能力的发展要好于物体控制能力的发展;位移动作中,跑、立定跳远、侧滑步和跨跳的表现较好,而单脚跳表现相对较差;物体控制动作中,踢球动作表现较好,原地拍球和上手投球的表现较差;位移动作技能发展整体上要好于美国儿童,只是达到优秀水平的儿童较少;物体控制动作发展水平达到优秀的极少,大部分处于平均及以下的水平,发展出现迟缓的儿童达到了62.33％;整体上儿童基本动作技能发展优秀的太少(0.9％),处于平均水平的儿童相对较多(58.59％),而发展滞后(处于平均水平之下)的人数也相对较多(38.05％).     

Fundamental Movement Skill Proficiency and Health Among a Cohort of Irish Primary School Children

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between fundamental movement skills (FMS) and markers of health among a cohort of Irish primary school children. Methods: Participants (N = 296, mean age: 7.99 ± 2.02 years) were senior infant (n = 149, mean age: 6.02 ± 0.39 years) and 4th class (n = 147, mean age: 9.97 ± 0.40 years) students from three primary schools in Cork, Ireland. FMS proficiency (TGMD-2) and markers of health (BMI percentile, waist circumference percentile, blood pressure percentiles, resting heart rate, cardiorespiratory fitness, objectively measured physical activity; PA) measurements were recorded. Correlation and hierarchical stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between FMS and markers of health. Results: A small, positive relationship was found between FMS (Gross Motor Quotient; GMQ) and cardiorespiratory fitness with small negative correlations between GMQ and 550 m time SDS among 6-year-olds (r(129) = ?.286, p < .05) and 10-year-olds (r(132) = ?.340, p < .05). A moderate, positive correlation was found between GMQ and light PA (r(71) = .400, p < .05). Small positive correlations were revealed between GMQ and moderate PA (r(71) = .259, p < .05) and between GMQ and total PA (r(71) = .355, p < .05). After adjusting for age, sex, the interaction effect of age and sex, and school attended, FMS explained 15.9% and 24.8% of the variance in 550 m time SDS among 6- and 10-year-olds, respectively, and 6% and 6.5% of the variance in light PA and moderate PA, respectively. After adjusting for age and sex, FMS explained 11.6% of the variance in total PA. Conclusion: A wide range of FMS is important for children’s cardiorespiratory fitness and PA.     

The Relationship Between Motor Skill Proficiency and Body Mass Index in Preschool Children

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motor proficiency and body mass index (BMI) in preschool children. Thirty-eight children ages 4–6 years had their BMI calculated and were assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2; Henderson, Sugden, & Barnett, 2007). These data were analyzed in two ways. The correlation between BMI and MABC-2 percentile ranks was calculated. Next, the groups were subdivided based on BMI status (high, M = 85.5; medium, M = 49.8; low, M = 10.8), and compared using t tests to determine if differences existed in MABC-2 percentile ranks. No significant relationship existed between MABC-2 and BMI percentile ranks (r = -.237). However, significant differences in MABC-2 percentile ranks existed between high and low (p = .042), and high and medium (p = .043) groups. These results suggest that preschool children classified as overweight or obese may have lower motor proficiency than their normal weight and under weight peers. This study indicates there is a direct relationship between motor proficiency and BMI in the preschool population.     

运动技能本体论及其对中小学体育与健康课程的教学启示

从本体论角度对运动技能这样一个既为大家所熟知又颇具现实性的问题进行理论探讨,旨在提高中小学体育教学研究的功效性。研究结果表明：(1)运动技能是按照技能规律对运动行为的资源进行整合或调控的总称,包含目标、知觉、动作和练习4个要素;(2)运动技能分类是从课题研究的实际出发并依据我国体育事业现行的“奥运战略”和“全民健身”计划的二元结构特征所进行的整体性、多层次、连续划分;(3)运动技能本质是运动行为的潜能及其强化．基本特征表现为专门性、程序化和练习性;(4)建立了通过运动技能来提高中小学体育与健康课程教学效果的函数关系,其应用模型的数学表达式为：Y=f（Ms,Ts,S)。     

Diet and Physical Activity Patterns of Obese and Nonobese Elementary School Children

Abstract

The caloric intake and physical activity patterns of 50 fifth grade students were studied to determine the relative contributions of diet and physical inactivity in the development of obesity. On the basis of tricep skinfold measurements, the subjects were divided into four groups or levels of obesity. Seven-day diet recall records were then obtained with the cooperation of the children's parents. Activity patterns were studied by filming the subjects during games of high and low organization and during free play. Indexes of the duration and intensity of activity were derived from the film analysis. The caloric intake and physical activity patterns of the four groups were compared by the Duncan Multiple Range Test. Using the combined scores for all groups, correlation coefficients were computed to determine the relationship between (1) skinfold measures and total caloric intake, (2) skinfold measures and activity patterns, and (3) total caloric intake and activity patterns. The relative inactivity of the obese children and the relatively similar diets of all children regardless of body fat, as well as the significant negative relationship between activity indexes and body fat tended to support the contention that inactivity may be as important or more important than excessive caloric intake in the development and maintenance of childhood obesity.     

知觉对体操技术教学影响的研究

本文以体操技术教学为研究对象,从时间知觉、空间知觉和运动知觉三个不同角度,分别对它们从各自的概念和特征进行阐述,并对这三者进行了简单的比较。认为在教学和训练中对学生进行时间知觉、空间知觉和运动知觉训练,不断地有意识地加强他们的知觉培养,会有改进体操技术、提高教学质量、提升运动技术水平的效果,并且会具有重要的现实意义。     

Comparison of Motor Ability,New Motor Skill Learning,and Adjustment to a Rearranged Visual Field

Abstract

The ability of 48 college women to adjust hand-eye coordination in a rearranged visual field was compared with ability to learn a new motor skill and with present level of motor ability. The measuring instruments utilized included the Scott motor ability test, Moody's new motor skill learning test, and a variation of the mirror-box test of Held and Gottlieb. Subjects were exposed for one minute to each of four experimental treatments—moving chessmen and throwing a ball performed both while wearing prism-glasses and without wearing these glasses. Subjects received one treatment per day, two days per week; the treatments were repeated in the same order and sequence, making a total of eight experimental sessions. The findings did not justify the conclusion that a relationship exists between motor ability or new motor skill learning and ability to adjust to a rearranged visual field. Wearing prism-glasses did not result in a consistent amount of visual rearrangement with each subject.     

Factor Analysis of Selected Basketball Skill Tests

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure of the sports skill domain of basketball and to identify test items to measure in this skill domain. A theoretical model of the hypothesized dimensions of basketball playing ability was developed based on a review of literature concerning basketball skill testing from 1906 to the present day. These dimensions were: (a) shooting, (b) passing, (c) jumping, (d) movement without the ball and (e) movement with the ball. Twenty-one items, including the nine items in the AAHPER basketball skill test for boys, were selected to sample these hypothesized dimensions. The tests were administered to 70 male junior high and high school students enrolled in the University of Minnesota, Duluth basketball camp during the summer of 1975. The hypothesized dimensions were analyzed by use of the following: (a) alpha factor analysis; (b) canonical factor analysis; (c) image analysis; and (d) principal components analysis. Both oblique and orthogonal rotations were performed with each of the four analyses. The hypothesized model was partially substantiated in that the results confirmed three of the factors: (a) shooting, (b) passing and (c) jumping with the only difference being that the factors of movement with the ball and movement without the ball combined into one. Since the following test items best represented the dimensions, it appeared that a battery comprised of these items would provide a quick and objective measure of basketball skill: (a) jump and reach, (b) dribble, (c) speed pass, and (d) front shot.     

Baumgartner's Modified Pull-Up Test For Male and Female Elementary School Aged Children

Abstract

Nineteen college men and women (aged 18–23 yrs, × = 21.1) were studied to ascertain the force-time components of a rapid maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) for ankle dorsiflexors, knee extensors, elbow flexors, wrist flexors and hand grip. Standardized isometric strength testing protocol was used. After a practice period subjects were instructed to make an MVC without jerking and as quickly as possible, for each of the muscle actions noted above. Force readings were taken from a load cell assembly through an analogue-to-digital converter and analyzed to yield time values for MVC, 3/4 MVC, 1/2 MVC, and 1/4 MVC. The results indicated significant differences (p < .01) between the responses of the men and women, with the women reaching full MVC more rapidly than the men. Also, there were significant differences among the five muscle groups tested, with the wrist flexor muscle group developing MVC most quickly, while the knee extensors took the longest time to full MVC. Based upon these data it may be concluded that the time to full MVC differs between men and women, and also that the time to full MVC differs among the five muscle groups tested in this experiment.     

Decision-Making in Elementary School-Age Children: Effects upon Motor Learning and Self-Concept Development

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of variable decision-making teaching models upon the development of body coordination and self-concept of children in grades one through five. Students in two socioeconomically equivalent schools of a large, inner-city school system constituted the sample (N = 285) for this study. Intact classroom groups from the experimental school were randomly assigned to one of two experimental treatments. The control school did not receive any treatment. The experimental treatments consisted of two physical education programs which varied only in the type of teacher behavior exhibited. Cheffers' Adaptation of Flanders' Interaction Analysis System (Cheffers, Mancini, & Marlinek, 1980) was used to verify the two treatments used. The Schilling Body Coordination Test (Schilling & Kephart, 1976) was used to evaluate motor skill development, and the Marlinek-Zaichkowsky Self-Concept Scale (1977) was used to evaluate self-concept development. Results indicated that learners can be given decision-making responsibility within the physical education environment and, at the same time, maintain a level of motor skill achievement equal to that of learners who have not been allowed to make decisions within the learning environment. No conclusions could be drawn concerning the effects of student decision making upon self-concept development. Additional results indicated that the development of body coordination is a function of maturation, and that no relationship exists between self-concept and body coordination.     

Interrater Objectivity for Field-Based Fundamental Motor Skill Assessment

We recently published an article on arm coordination and performance level in 400-m front-crawl swimming in Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (Schnitzler, Seifert, &; Chollet, 2011). The index of coordination (IdC) was used to quantify interarm coordination. Our results showed that expert swimmers exhibited lower IdC than recreational swimmers over a 400-m trial. In addition to criticizing various methodological points, Havriluk (2012) challenged our conclusion that catch-up could be an efficient model of coordination and instead suggested that it might lead to injuries. An important point in this debate, however, is that our definition of catch-up coordination may differ from the one proposed by Havriluk (2012), which would explain why we consider catch-up coordination to be the dominant mode of coordination used by expert swimmers during training sessions.     

Self-Controlled Amount of Practice Benefits Learning of a Motor Skill

Abstract

Self-control over factors involving task-related information (e.g., feedback) can enhance motor learning. It is unknown if these benefits extend to manipulations that do not directly affect such information. The purpose of this study was to determine if self-control over the amount of practice would also facilitate learning. Participants learned to throw a dart using their nonpreferred hand. The self-control (SC) group decided when to stop practice. The yoked group completed the same number of trials as their SC counterparts. Results revealed the SC group was more accurate during transfer and in recalling the number of trials completed. These findings indicate that self-control benefits extend to factors that do not directly alter task-related information.     

Relationship between Motor Achievement and Selected Personality Factors of Junior and Senior High School Boys

Abstract

This study was conducted for the purpose of determining the relationship between specific factors of personality adjustment and levels of motor achievement in a select group of junior and senior high school boys. Pertinent scales from the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and the Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey were administered to 154 subjects for the purpose of determining existing personality characteristics. The motor achievement data were collected from administration of the McCloy General Motor Ability and Motor Capacity Test. The data were statistically analyzed through the use of the Pearson product-moment correlation technique, the t test, and the multiple regression technique. The study concluded that, (a) individual group dependance was a factor in extent of exhibited motor achievement and, (b) that levels of motor achievement were predictable with the use of grouped measured personality characteristics.