Keeping Their Antennas Up:

Because urban areas have a deserved reputation for violence, it makes sense to consider the impact of violence on the urban campus. Suprisingly, urban colleges and universities may no be unusually violent, for a combination or reasons. Urban students do risk more types of violent threats, however, than their peers at rural and suburban schools. Two groups of students-victims of violence and city phobics-have strong negative reactions to the city and urban violence. For most students, though, urban violence has more subtle effects. While students lead relatively normal college existnences, they do learn to be on their guard.     

中学生暴力行为调查研究

采用自编的中学生生活经历调查研究问卷,对校园暴力特别是生生之间的躯体暴力和心理暴力进行调查研究,以调查中学生暴力行为一般状况和特点。研究发现,心理暴力得分在是否班干部上有显著差异;总暴力得分在是否班干部和在父亲职业上有显著差异。暴力实施者的得分在是否班干部上有显著差异;暴力受害者的得分在性别、是否班干部、母亲文化程度上有显著差异;暴力目击者的得分在性别、是否班干部、父亲职业、父亲文化程度、母亲职业上有显著性差异。     

Violence Is Golden:

Campus violence is strongly determined by our increasingly violent American culture. National increases in violent crime, weapon carrying, drug dependency, eating disorders, and youth suicide rates in recent decades are both reflected by and promoted by commercial interests. Addiction cultivation, wheter to cigarettes, alcohol or other drugs, diets, or violence per se is extremely profitable for its purveyors. The large and small screens, magazines and various forms of advertising sell ever more ways to be violent toward oneself and others. Colleges and universities show generally lower rates of violence than the surrounding culture, but they are inevitably heirs to the culture of violence, especially as it has trained youth both to victimize and to be victimized. Children and adolescents are being subjected to depictions of violence at record rates. Thus colleges and universities must do more to deconstruct and counter the training for violence. Our academic institutions can help by emphasizing their greatest contribution: the cultivation of critical thinking which can be an antidote to the mindless violence promoted by addiction pushers.     

大学生网络暴力游戏与攻击行为的关系:暴力态度的中介作用

采用网络暴力游戏接触问卷、暴力态度问卷和攻击行为问卷调查了308名大学生暴力态度的基本特点及其在网络暴力游戏与攻击行为之间的作用。结果发现:(1)大学生的暴力态度总体水平不高,并在年级上存在着显著差异,二年级、三年级和四年级的暴力态度水平显著高于一年级;(2)网络暴力游戏对大学生的攻击行为产生显著的正向影响,并且暴力态度在网络暴力游戏与攻击行为之间起着完全中介作用。     

Stress and positive attitudes towards violent discipline are associated with school violence by Ugandan teachers

BackgroundGlobally, the use of violent discipline methods by teachers to manage child behavior is still highly prevalent despite enactment of laws that prohibit school violence. In the case of Uganda there is a dearth of accurate prevalence statistics on school violence and factors associated with the use of violence by teachers.ObjectivesTherefore, the current study examined the prevalence of and attitudes towards violence. The study also explored the association between teachers’ stress, positive attitudes towards violence and the use of violent discipline management methods.MethodsA representative sample of 291 teachers and 702 students from 12 public secondary schools in southwestern Uganda responded to anonymous self-administered questionnaires. Data were collected from April to November 2017.ResultsFindings indicated that 86.5% of the teachers reported having used violent disciplinary methods on students in the past month while 91.5% of the students reported experiencing violence by teachers. Teachers (88.3%, n = 256) endorsed positive attitudes towards violent discipline. Teachers’ stress was related to higher levels of violent discipline (β = 0.20). This relation was mediated by positive attitudes towards violence (0.06, SE: 0.01, 95%-CI: 0.035–0.092).ConclusionsOur findings indicate that teacher reported stress was associated with their use of violent behavior and positive attitudes and that positive attitudes reduced the association between teachers’ stress and violent behavior. Therefore, interventions aiming to reduce violence by teachers may need to integrate effective stress management skills, in addition to nonviolent discipline strategies, and fostering attitudinal change towards the use of violent methods.     

Multiple perceptions of children's aggression: Differences across neighborhood,age, gender,and perceiver

We investigated how overtly aggressive behavior was differentially perceived by two types of perceivers, teachers and peers, as a function of student neighborhood, gender, and grade level. Participants (N= 765) were predominantly African American students in grades 3‐5 recruited from two urban public schools in southern California. The neighborhoods surrounding the two schools differed in levels of identified violent crime and economic levels. Teachers in the community experiencing more violence perceived student behavior to be relatively less aggressive and more similar across genders than did teachers in the less violent community. Peers in the community experiencing more violent crime perceived both boys and girls to be somewhat aggressive, whereas in the less violent community, boys were perceived as aggressive more so than were girls. In general, agreement between teacher and peer perceptions was stronger for boys than for girls. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

School violence in the Canadian context: An overview and model for intervention

School violence and the incidence of violent crimesamong Canadian youth is seen to be increasing. Whilemore research is being conducted in the area ofschool violence little has previously been done toexamine psychopathology as a possible factorinfluencing violent student behavior. A recent studyconducted by Carter (1998) using the BehaviorAssessment System for Children and a structuredinterview showed a high incidence of psychopathologyamong violent junior high male students. Acomprehensive model for intervention is described inwhich several factors are presented. Implications ofcurrent research includes the need to developintervention strategies that are consistent withdiagnostic findings and the need for earlyidentification and intervention before behaviorpatterns become fixed in adolescence.     

REFLECTIONS ON VALUES,VISION, AND VITALITY: PERSPECTIVES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

Participants at a recent Futures Assembly urged a reassessment of values when establishing perspectives for direction of community college development in the new century. The author affirms that there are five fundamental values that have given guidance in the past and can serve well in future decision-making: (1) People: This is the beginning point and the continuing point of reference. All aspects of what is done and how it is done derive from the people who are in the community; (2) Learning: The learning college will be part of a learning community. Learning must be perceived as an educational enterprise that extends beyond the schools and colleges to all people in the community during the span of their lives; (3) Connections: Community colleges do not do it alone. They need to connect in two ways. First with the conditions in the community that bear upon the lives of the people there, and second, when relating to other community organizations; (4) Opportunity: Former community college students declare that ''the college was the door to my future.'' The times in which we live require more than ever that colleges offer learning experiences described by students as essential to what they have become; and (5) Better lives: Better lives are what learners in community colleges are seeking and the way to what they want is through learning.     

The benefits of aggressive traits: A study with current and former street children in Burundi

Aggressive behavior in children and youths is commonly associated with exposure to violence and maltreatment. Consequently, aggressive behavior has often been explained as a form of reactive behavior in response to violence-inflicted mental suffering. However, perpetrating violence can become appealing, fascinating and exciting, i.e., may acquire appetitive, self-rewarding aspects. We postulated that this appetitive form of aggression reduces the vulnerability for developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in insecure and violent environments. Furthermore we investigated the extent to which reactive aggression and appetitive aggression account for recent violent behavior in children and youths. We conducted semi-structured interviews in a sample of 112 children and youths (M_age = 15.9 years) recruited from the streets, families and a residential center for vulnerable children in Burundi. We investigated the cumulative exposure to traumatic events and to domestic and community violence, assessed the recently committed offenses, the severity of PTSD symptoms, and the potential for reactive and appetitive aggression. Reactive aggression was positively related to PTSD, whilst appetitive aggression was negatively related to PTSD. Children higher in appetitive aggression were also more likely to display violent behavior. These results suggest that an appetitive perception of violence may be an useful adaption to insecure and violent living conditions reducing the vulnerability of children for trauma-related mental disorders. However, positive feelings experienced through violent or cruel behavior are also an important risk factor for ongoing aggressive behavior and therefore need to be considered in prevention strategies.     

大学生道德教育要关注情感

道德教育要想培养出行道德之事的道德高尚之人,就必须促使学生由知到行的转变,而这个转变的核心就是情感的推动作用,这也就决定了道德教育也是一种情感教育。大学生作为年轻的群居的特殊群体,情感性特征尤为突出。因此,大学生的道德教育更应该关注情感。     

Decoding the Digital Campus Climate for Prospective LGBTQ+ Community Colleges Students

LGBTQ+ students are increasingly visible on community college campuses, and a safe and welcoming campus climate is critical to LGBTQ+ students’ academic success and well-being. Campus climate is difficult to assess for prospective LGBTQ+ community college students, and institutional websites may be a source of information about campus climate. This study used content analysis to document and analyze the digital campus climate for prospective LGBTQ+ students in the community colleges context by examining institutional websites. Using a mixed methods approach, website content of nine community colleges was analyzed, and both the quantity and nature of the content were used to make sense of colleges’ digital campus climate for prospective LGBTQ+ students. With the exception of a couple colleges, we found that the digital campus climate was not welcoming to prospective LGBTQ+ students. The results suggest that community colleges need to enhance their website in several ways and expand their overall programming (academic and non-academic) to ensure prospective LGBTQ+ students feel welcomed and safe on community college campuses.     

榜样的力量：班杜拉观察学习的研究

美国著名心理学家阿尔伯特·班杜拉（Albert Bandura）的观察学习理论使我们认识到：榜样对儿童的行为有重要影响。当榜样的暴力行为受到奖励时,儿童会更多地模仿暴力行为;当榜样的暴力行为受到惩罚时,他们明显减少对攻击行为的模仿。因此,教育者要尽量为学生提供正面、积极的榜样,同时也要正视负面、消极的榜样,引导学生塑造良好的行为。     

Gender differences in the risk for delinquency among youth exposed to family violence

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to illuminate gender differences in adolescent delinquency against a backdrop of childhood exposure to both marital violence and physical child abuse. Specifically, analyses were performed to trace the unique effects of exposure to either form of family violence (marital or child) on the violent and nonviolent delinquency of boys and girls. METHOD: This is a prospective study of 299 children who were interviewed with their mothers in 1991 about forms of abuse in the family. Approximately 5 years later a search of juvenile court records was performed for these same children. Details on the nature of the crimes were collected. Outcome variables included: (1) whether there was ever an arrest; and (2) whether there was ever an arrest for a violent crime. RESULTS: Preliminary analyses indicated no gender differences in overall referral rates to juvenile court, although boys were more likely than girls to be referred for property, felony, and violent offenses. Exposure to marital violence in childhood predicted referral to juvenile court. Girls with a history of physical child abuse were arrested for violent offenses more than boys with similar histories, but the context of violent offenses differed dramatically by gender: Nearly all referrals for a violent offense for girls were for domestic violence. CONCLUSIONS: Although boys and girls share similar family risk factors for delinquency, girls are more likely than boys to be arrested for violent offenses in the aftermath of child physical abuse. These findings suggest that it takes more severe abuse to prompt violence in girls than is necessary to explain boys' violent offending.     

Countering violent and hate‐related materials on the Internet: Strategies for classrooms and communities

Abstract

School violence is of increasing concern to educators worldwide in the wake of tragedies such as the one in Littleton, Colorado. This article explores how hate group web sites, violent computer games, and related Internet activities are delivering material to young people with hostile and violent content. The Internet is also serving as a new vehicle for expression among students, sometimes conveying their messages of despair and hopelessness. The article discusses ways that teacher educators can equip future teachers to deal with these issues. It also examines what some schools and communities are currently doing to confront these issues and proposes ways to integrate Internet considerations into anti‐violence and mental health programs.     

Violence Against Lesbian and Gay Male College Students

Most of our colleges and universities are strongholds of homophobic discrimination and heterosexism which impact directly on lesbian and gay students, staff, and faculty, upon those exploring their orientation, and upon the entire campus community. The negative effects of external violence and of internalized homophobia include physical, sexual and emotional injury/damage, self-doubt, isolation, engaging in heterosexual attempts in order to survive, identifying with the aggressors and allowing further abuse, inability to function socially or academically, self-hatred, and engaging in serious self-destructive behaviors. Colleges and universities can establish policies and procedures to combat homophobia and heterosexism across the entire community and can develop a safe, supportive environment for all students, including those who are not heterosexual. Strong adminsitrative support is needed to ensure the required strenuous, continuing efforts.     

How Community Colleges Can Help Prevent Financial Hardship Among Student Borrowers

The utilization of loans by community college students is a contentious issue. In this article we broadly examine issues related to borrowing by community college students, giving attention to how loans can help, as well as hinder, borrowers at these institutions. Despite increased rhetoric about the perceived student loan crisis, caution is warranted before jettisoning student loans as a tool for access and completion at community colleges. Instead, we suggest that a more nuanced approach, aimed at helping students understand and manage their loans, is in the best interest of students and the college. Our recommendations are intended to help community colleges increase the number of borrowers who earn a credential and reduce the number who default.     

Violence and maltreatment in Tanzanian families—Findings from a nationally representative sample of secondary school students and their parents

Though the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations aim to end all forms of violence against minors, child maltreatment remains a globally prevalent phenomenon. Despite the fact that parents in numerous countries apply violent discipline methods to control children’s behavior, little is known about the prevalence of maltreatment and violent discipline in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we examined the prevalence of maltreatment and violent discipline from both the adolescents’ and parents’ perspectives. In addition, we explored risk factors that could be associated with violent discipline by parents. We administered questionnaires to a nationally representative sample of 700 Tanzanian secondary school students (52% girls, mean age: 14.92 years, SD = 1.02, range: 12–17) and 333 parents or primary guardians (53% females; mean age: of 43.47 years, SD = 9.02, range: 19–71). More than 90% of all students reported exposure to violent discipline by a parent within the past year. Concurrently, more than 80% of parents acknowledged using violent discipline techniques. Using a path model, we found that violent discipline by parents was associated with parental stress. Other risk factors contributed to a higher stress level but were not directly linked to maltreatment. Our findings indicate high levels of violent discipline in Tanzanian families. There is a pressing need to design and implement interventions that prevent children from experiencing violence at home. Reducing parents’ stress levels may be a starting point for intervention. Yet, due to the high levels of violent discipline, societal beliefs also need to be considered.     

Antisocial behavior and the prediction of violence: A meta‐analysis

Youthful antisocial behavior is often viewed as a precursor to later violent and threatening behavior. Olweus (1979) reported aggressive reaction patterns in males that over time approached the stability of intelligence. While Olweus did not examine violent behavior directly, his study is often cited as evidence for the stability of violence. To examine the evidence for this assertion, this study synthesized the evidence from 82 reports of 58 prospective studies that followed individuals over some period of their life span. After correcting effect sizes for exogenous study features, the grand mean correlation of antisocial and substance misusing behaviors with later crimes against persons was estimated to be r = .33, a far cry from the stability of intelligence. Because these predictors are often used to select people into intervention, this study estimated the conditional error rates associated with identification for preventive intervention. Overall, selection failed to identify 66% of those who displayed later violence, while on average, 60% of those engaging in antisocial or substance‐using behavior were not later violent. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.