The Energy Requirement of Selected Tap Dance Routines

The primary purpose of this study was to measure the oxygen requirement of two tap dance routines. A secondary purpose was to determine if differences existed between beginning and intermediate tap dance students in the energy requirements for these dance routines. Fifteen female subjects, ranging in age from 17 to 26 years, participated in the study. Eight of the subjects were classified as beginners and seven as intermediates in their ability to tap dance. Each subject performed two tap dance routines, soft shoe and slow buck, to a medley of recorded music of 112 beats per minute (bpm). Expired gas samples were obtained from 2.5 to 3.5 and 3.5 to 4.5 minutes into each routine. There was a short rest period between routines. The mean and standard deviation of oxygen uptake was 16.6 ± 3.1 ml/kg · min for the soft shoe routine and 16.8 ± 3.4 ml/kg · min for the buck routine. There was no significant difference between these two routines or between the beginners and intermediates for the energy requirement of either dance routine (p > .05). The above values place tap dancing at 112 bpm at the same intensity as the waltz, foxtrot, rumba, Petronella, and Eightsome Reel.     

Effect of Stride Length Variation on Oxygen Uptake during Level and Positive Grade Treadmill Running

Abstract

Sixteen men were studied during 6-min bouts of motorized treadmill running at 230 m · min^–1 and 0% and 4% grade to compare [Vdot]O₂ while using freely chosen stride lengths (CSL) and stride lengths approximately 8% shorter (SSL) and longer (LSL) than CSL. The study also attempted to determine whether stride length variations of these proportions altered [Vdot]O₂ differently at the two grades. CSL were greater (p<.05) at 0% than 4% with mean values of 133.5 and 131.5 cm, respectively. Two-way ANOVA (Stride x Grade) with repeated measures yielded significant F values (p<.05) for the main effects of both stride length and grade but not for interaction between the two factors. Mean [Vdot]O₂ values were 44.95 and 56.80 ml · kg¹ · min^–1 at 0% and 4% grade, respectively. The Tukey w procedure was used for comparing the main effect means across both grades for the three stride lengths. These means were 50.94, 49.88, and 51.80 ml · kg¹ · min^–1 for SSL, CSL, and LSL, respectively, with the CSL mean significantly less than the SSL and LSL means (p<.05). Stride length variations of approximately ±8% did not alter [Vdot]O₂ differently at the two grades, and although [Vdot]O₂ for SSL and LSL was not different, [Vdot]O₂ was significantly (p<.05) increased by 2.1% for SSL and 3.8% for LSL. Not all individual patterns followed the group norm, however, in that three subjects were more economical with short stride lengths and two were more economical with longer strides.     

不同跑距锻炼对普通女大学生心肺功能及有氧耐力的影响

以54名普通女大学生为研究对象,通过建立各组选择不同距离跑的锻炼实验模型,测定反映心肺功能等11项生理指标,探讨了不同跑距对女大学生心肺功能的影响。结果表明：5种不同距离跑的锻炼方式都能不同程度地提高女大学生的心肺功能,但从改善与提高心肺功能及有氧耐力获得良好锻炼效应来看,2000m组、2400m组效果显著。考虑到女大学生的学习时间与主观感受,建议在课中及课余体育锻炼中选择每周3次,跑距为2000m强度控制在心率为135～145b·min^-1左右的锻炼方式来促进自身有氧耐力的发展。此研究旨在为探寻一种能有效提高普通女大学生心肺功能及有氧耐力的锻炼方法提供一定的科学依据。     

The Effect of Adding External Weight on the Aerobic Requirement of Bench Stepping

Purpose

As there is little research that investigates the experiences of minority boys participating in youth development programs (Fashola, 2003), the current research focused on a sport-based youth development program for early adolescent Black and Latino boys in Hartford, CT. Specifically, the present study explored (a) what attracted minority boys to participate in youth development programs, (b) what kept them involved, and (c) whether their involvement translated into positive developmental outcomes.

Method

The study used semistructured individual interviews to collect data from 8 participants and their parents. The research team deductively coded interviews in accordance with the a-priori framework of the Five Cs and Sixth C of youth development (i.e., competence, character, caring, confidence, connection, and contribution; Roth &; Brooks-Gunn, 2003). In addition, interviews were deductively coded to investigate why participants became involved in the program and why they continued participation.

Results

Findings from the study indicated that participants became involved with the Sport Hartford Boys (SHB) program mainly due to its emphasis on sport-related activities. Moreover, findings related to the youths' continued involvement revealed their value for the SHB program as a safe place that kept them out of trouble and provided experiences that led to positive personal development. Furthermore, results indicated that participation in the program facilitated the development of each “C” of youth development.

Conclusion

By promoting positive relationships and providing opportunities for self-exploration in a safe and trusting environment, afterschool programs can cultivate positive youth development in minority boys, at least in the short term.     

牵引跑训练条件下运动员短跑技术力学参数变化的研究现状

短跑是周期性的速度力量项目,其成绩很大程度取决于专项力量与专项技术的优化结合。要使得训练更有效果必须使得专项力量与专项动作技术更好地衔接。技术训练方案的设计,则应当使得训练手段在5个方面上与比赛动作相接近,即动作的幅度与方向、运动的有效幅度及重点区、     

Effect of a Single Day's Swimming on Selected Components of Athletic Performance

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of swimming on selected components of athletic performance as measured by the following tests: back strength, leg strength, bicycle ergometer (combination of strength and endurance, but predominantly endurance), and vertical jump (explosive power). Subjects were pretested for three days on each test, after which they participated in 45 minutes of swimming, and performance was tested oh one test one hour after the swim on any given day. A single day's swimming was found to significantly affect the vertical jump, but other performance tests were not affected.     

Running for Freedom: The Politics of Long-Distance Running in Modern Fiction

This essay analyses the uses of running in contemporary fiction. It addresses the question of the literariness of running, and the ways in which literature enables us to articulate aspects of the sport such as its heroism or its relationship to the nation. It looks at a number of fictional texts, and focuses largely on two important works, ‘The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner’, Sillitoe's celebrated novella of 1958, and Jean Echenoz's novel, Running, published 50 years later. This essay examines the quality of running defined in literature, then looks at its traditional function of celebration of heroes, before closing on the freedom associated with running in such works.     

运动性疲劳对跑运动学与下肢肌电的影响

目的:通过对人体跑至疲劳过程中的运动学与下肢表面肌电图变化特征进行分析,为更好地认识疲劳对人体运动动作的影响提供参考。方法:选取8名男性受试者在跑台上进行12km/h恒速度跑至疲劳,对3个阶段运动学参数及表面肌电时频指标进行单因素方差分析。结果:跑至疲劳的3个阶段,1)单步步长和步频均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),右脚至左脚步长减小(均值为1.68m、1.65m、1.65m),步频增加(均值为2.77步/s、2.84步/s、2.87步/s),而左脚至右脚步长增加(均值为1.61m、1.64m、1.64m),步频减小(均值为2.88步/s、2.84步/s、2.78步/s);2)躯干倾斜、扭转幅度显著增加(P<0.05),髋、膝关节角度出现规律性变化(P<0.05),踝关节角度变化无统计学意义(P>0.05);3)下肢肌积分肌电总体呈上升趋势,不同肌肉平均功率频率指标变化趋势并不一致。结论:中等强度恒速跑至疲劳过程中,随着疲劳的产生与发展:1)从左脚至右脚单步步长增加、步频减慢,而从右脚至左脚出现相反的变化规律,躯干扭转幅度变大,后仰增加,"坐姿"跑成为必然趋势;2)除腓肠肌外,下肢肌肉的积分肌电逐渐增加,平均功率频率呈下降趋势,但左右侧变化的时间段和幅度不完全一致。     

跑步参与者涉入程度对幸福感的影响:心理资本和流畅体验的链式中介作用

整合休闲涉入理论、心理资本理论、流畅体验理论等,检验心理资本—流畅体验的链式中介效应,在此基础上构建链式中介效应模型。采用成熟量表自编问卷,对305名跑步参与者进行调查。结果显示：跑步参与者涉入程度、心理资本、流畅体验均是跑步参与者幸福感的前因变量。三者对幸福感的直接影响均达显著水平（P<0.005）,跑步参与者涉入通过心理资本和流畅体验的中介作用对幸福感产生影响,且该中介作用包含3条路径,即心理资本与流畅体验各自产生的间接效应,以及二者共同产生的链式中介效应。研究揭示了跑步参与者涉入程度与其幸福感的关系及作用机制,深化了跑步参与者涉入对参与者自身影响的研究。     

气功态下血氧变化对运动后血乳酸代谢的影响

运动后经２５分钟的气功恢复，Ｈｂ水平升高，动脉血氧含量增加，加快了血乳酸的清除速度。实验表明，“三线放松功”是一种较好的恢复手段     

最大动量训练法对跑、跳基本动作的影响

本文是一篇实验性研究报告。作者用“最大动量训练法”对７名运动员进行了为期三个月的训练。结果发现“最大动量训练法”能够改变下肢各肌肉群收缩发力的协调性。并且通过下肢各肌肉群力量状态的改善，使运动员的跑、跳技术得到改善。     

有氧训练对青少年男子短跑运动员的作用

速度是一切运动的基础 ,短跑训练必须从青少年抓起 ,短跑运动的特点是以无氧代谢能量为主 ,但无氧训练必须以有氧训练为基础 ,有氧训练虽然不能直接提高短跑成绩 ,但能使运动员增大吸氧量 ,改善运动员的心血管和呼吸系统的功能 ,提高其素质 ,承受大负荷训练和大负荷训练以后的恢复。本文通过对我校短跑组 1 6名男生 ,抽样确定两组进行数据统计比较 ,初步探讨有氧训练对青少年男子短跑成绩影响 ,以便进一步提高教学和训练的水平。     

6周浅水跑训练对有氧能力及1500 m跑成绩的影响研究

水中跑是水中有氧训练的主要方式,目前常见的形式包括深水跑、浅水跑和水中跑步机跑.通过对18名大学生运动员为期6周的浅水跑与陆上跑有氧训练比较研究,结果显示,浅水跑训练是一种低冲击有氧训练方式,与陆上跑动作具有高度特异性,可产生与陆上训练相媲美的心肺反应,改善运动员的有氧工作能力,维持其陆上跑成绩.对于运动员来说,水中跑有氧训练不是一种附加的训练刺激,而是以恢复或预防受伤为目的,既可避免过度训练或损伤带来的消极影响,也可作为日常训练的辅助/交叉训练,弥补陆上有氧训练的不足,为健康运动员及进行康复性训练的运动员提供更多的选择.     

女子200m跑速度模式对运动成绩的影响

对不同训练水平女子200m跑运动员,两种速度模式200m跑的每25m分段时间、运动成绩、心率等指标进行测试和评定分析,探索女子200m跑最佳的速度分配模式,200m跑的速度变化规律,揭示不同速度结构200m时,运动成绩、心率变化的内部机理。     

步法在网球比赛中的运用与分析

网球是一项技巧性较强的运动,良好的步法移动是网球基本功的重要内容之一,是打好网球的重要条件,也是掌握和运用技术的基础。文章通过文献资料法、图片分析法,对一些优秀网球运动员并结合比赛图片分析其步法组合与运用,得出步法对网球比赛技战术的积极影响,从而得出结论,以指导日后的网球教学与训练。     

Effect of Warm-Up and Recovery Techniques on Repeated Running Endurance

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an absence of a warm-up, a warm-up, and a warm-up with leg-elevation recovery techniques on repeated performances of three all-out trials in the 300-yd dash. The subjects were 15 male varsity high school runners who ran a total of nine 300-yd dashes consisting of three trials of each treatment with a 20-min rest period between trials on three different testing days. Approximately two months later the same pattern of nine 300-yd dashes was administered a second time. A randomized blocks factorial design (2 × 3 × 3) was used, followed by tests for simple main effects and Tukey's HSD test. Statistically significant differences at the .05 level were found between the overall means of the two administrations, among the means between the three methods, and among the means between the three trials. A significant interaction among methods and trials was also found. Tests for simple effects coupled with Tukey's HSD test revealed that by the time trial 3 comes about, the warm-up with recovery techniques demonstrated significant superiority of performance over no warm-up.     

Running economy and effort after cycling: Effect of methodological choices

ABSTRACT

Prior exercise can negatively affect movement economy of a subsequent task. However, the impact of cycling exercise on the energy cost of subsequent running is difficult to ascertain, possibly because of the use of different methods of calculating economy. We examined the influence of a simulated cycling bout on running physiological cost (running economy, heart rate and ventilation rates) and perceptual responses (ratings of perceived exertion and effort) by comparing two running bouts, performed before and after cycling using different running economy calculation methods. Seventeen competitive male triathletes ran at race pace before and after a simulated Olympic-distance cycling bout. Running economy was calculated as V?O₂ (mL?kg^?1?min^?1), oxygen cost (EO₂, mL?kg^?1?m^?1) and aerobic energy cost (E_aer, J?kg^?1?m^?1). All measures of running economy and perceptual responses indicated significant alterations imposed by prior cycling. Despite a good level of agreement with minimal bias between calculation methods, differences (p < 0.05) were observed between E_aer and both V?O₂ and EO₂. The results confirmed that prior cycling increased physiological cost and perceptual responses in a subsequent running bout. It is recommended that E_aer be calculated as a more valid measure of running economy alongside perceptual responses to assist in the identification of individual responses in running economy following cycling.