动作记忆研究的新领域——动作记忆元认知研究

随着现代认知心理学的发展，“对认知的认知”－－元认知的研究已逐渐成为当前智力研究的前沿课题，就目前而言，在体育学习领域中有关元认知的研究极其贫乏，至今尚未见到有关的实验研究报告，动作记忆元认知即认知主体对自身动作记忆过程的认知与监控，具体包括动作记忆组织和动作记忆监控，基于动作记忆元认知在体育学习中的重要性，本文试图对动作记忆元认知过程进行初步探索，并提出一种全新的动作记忆训练方法－动作记忆元认知训练，为体育教学工作者和学习者寻找一种高质高效的教与学的方法，以增强学生动作学习能力。     

论运动技能

运动技能是在一定运动形式下,与运动技术结合一体的运动能力;运动能力是运动技能的内在尺度,运动技术是运动技能的外在尺度;运动技能概括地反映了运动实践的全过程,是衡量体育运动个体化程度的量度。     

当前运动技能教育发展展望

运动技能学习对儿童青少年智力发展至关重要，是一种重要的学习方式。已有研究认为运动技能教育是有规律和系统的，一些基本技能构成各种复杂的运动方式，个体基本技能发展等级决定其参与运动的能力。目前我国大学生技能等级水平较低，体育教育要深入认识运动技能教育的价值，完善运动技能的课程结构，从而满足学生终身参与体育运动的需要。     

The Relationship between Measures of Motor Educability and the Learning of Specific Motor Skills

Abstract

Members of the Santa Barbara basketball team were tested periodically during and after the 1957–58 season of play. The changes in physical conditioning were estimated using a step test. During this period of time the blood pressure and pulse wave measurements were studied to investigate the effects of basketball conditioning on these measurements.

The resting and postexercise systolic blood pressure measurements decreased significantly during training. These changes were significant after 16 weeks, while the pulse rate changes indicated conditioning had changed in six weeks. During de-training these measurements reversed and made significant changes in ten weeks.

The pulse wave measurements more closely followed those of the step test. They changed significantly in six weeks, leveled off, and finally reversed to the starting level during de-training.     

Comparison of Motor Creativity with Figural and Verbal Creativity,and Selected Motor Skills

Abstract

This study was undertaken to investigate relationships between various forms of creativity, and to determine whether the expression of motor creativity is related to selected motor skills. The tests administered to the 65 fourth grade subjects consisted of creative thinking tests, a motor creativity battery, and motor skill tests. The following conclusions were drawn: (a) the expression of motor creativity through movement is not related to performance on the selected motor skill items; (b) creativity does not appear to be a generalized trait in as much as significant relationships were not found between the various aspects of creativity; (c) a tendency toward generalization of creativity was found for girls but not for boys; (d) a combination of weight, figural fluency and figural originality accounts for a significant amount of the variability in motor creativity for boys, while a combination of figural and verbal creativity factors does the same for girls; (e) boys of this age perform significantly better than girls on skill tests involving strength, while girls excel on balance and agility items.     

高山滑雪运动技能学习过程中的技能迁移与信息反馈

采用文献资料法和实地观察法,探讨了高山滑雪运动中技能学习过程中的技能迁移和信息反馈两方面的内容。根据技能迁移和信息反馈的特点,提出了适合高山滑雪运动技能迁移方法及建立合理的信息反馈体系,以促进高山滑雪运动技能的学习。     

运动技能学习策略的研究综述

随着对"学习化社会"理念的逐步认同,有关运动技能的教学策略、学习策略的研究普遍出现。运用文献、对比等研究方法,试图对学习策略、运动技能学习策略研究领域的研究成果进行回顾、归纳,探索其中普遍规律,并对现状进行总结,提出一些基本建议。     

动作技能学习神经生理机制研究

动作技能学习是人类活动的基础,对人类的生存与发展具有重要意义。长期以来,侧重于动作的外显行为或部分神经活动研究,忽视从技能习得角度阐释其神经生理机制。以神经结构和功能的现有知识为基础,以动作技能学习过程为主线,梳理动作技能学习的神经生理机制,认为：大脑皮层是动作学习和控制中心,参与运动学习的不同方面。各皮层区域激发都取决于任务的特征,以确定运动的方向、计划以及最终执行。小脑主要做出时间节律调整、反馈和动作记忆的作用。皮质—基底节和皮质—小脑回路是空间和动作信息获取的关键,同时具有对动作进行反馈调整的作用。     

Physical Fatigue and Motor Learning

Abstract

In an attempt to investigate the effects of physical fatigue upon the learning of a motor skill, 75 college women were assigned in systematic rotation to either a control group or to one of two experimental groups (N = 25 in each group). All subjects were given a total of 50 trials on the pursuit rotor: 25 trials on Day 1, the practice session; and 25 trials on Day 2, the test session. One of the experimental groups was fatigued early in the practice session while the other was fatigued late in the practice session. Fatigue interpolated early and late was detrimental to subsequent performance improvements but had no effect upon the amount learned.     

以运动技术表现为视角论“运动技能”概念的动态性

运动技能是体育教学中的一个重要概念,获得良好和稳固的运动技能是体育教学和训练的一个基本目标.从生理学、心理学以及自然辩证法的视角探讨运动技能概念的非统一性,指出运动技能在田径技术表现上的动态性,为体育运动技术教学与训练提供一种新的思路.     

Motor Proficiency Traits of Deaf Children

Abstract

This study examined the physical, psychological and perceptual/visual variables related to elite archers' shooting performance. Complete data on 62 variables were obtained on male (n = 44) and female (n = 35) archers, who were tested during the years 1982-1984. In order to reduce the number of variables, only those that correlated significantly with performance (r > .25, p < .005) were retained. This yielded seven variables. These variables were then combined into an overall hierarchical regression model. The overall model was significant (p <.001, adjusted R² = .53). This analysis indicated that relative leg strength, reaction time, depth perception, endomorphy, imagery usage, confidence, and focus on past mistakes were variables associated with archery performance. Finally, the total sample was classified into two groups on the basis of the shooting scores. Discriminant function analysis indicated that 81% of the archers were classified correctly on the basis of these significant predictors.     

Motor Performance and Induced Muscular Tension

Abstract

Forty-six subjects were each tested on a ball-snatch task at five different preliminary tension levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 pounds). It was hypothesized that motor performance would follow an inverted U-curve trend with increases in muscular tension. Reaction time followed the hypothesized trend; 15 pounds of tension produced the fastest response. Movement time, however, was not facilitated; instead there was a linear trend toward slower speed with increasing tension.     

运动技能学习的神经机制

运动技能学习是以神经活动为基础的生理、心理过程。近年来 ,关于运动学习记忆在神经通路和突触可塑性方面的研究成果揭示了运动技能学习的神经基础。本文综述这方面的研究成果并讨论了它们的实践指导意义。     

Relationship between Motor Performance and Arousal

Abstract

Forty male subjects were tested on a motor learning task called a stabilometer. Skin conductance was taken prior to the introduction of the task and immediately after each of the learning trials. Subjects were then dichotomized on the basis of initial conductance, final conductance, total change in conductance, conductance after trial one, and changes in conductance from rest to trial one. There was no difference in performance between groups when subjects were divided on the basis of initial conductance, but for all other measures performance was significantly better for the group with higher conductance. These results lend support to the concept of an arousal continuum as proposed by Duffy and Malmo.     

A Factorial Analysis of Motor Co-ordination

Abstract

Part I. The multiple-group method of factoring was used to extract eight factors from the intercorrelations of 21 variables that had been used in the past to measure some phase of motor co-ordination. Five of the factors (balancing objects, tempo, two-handed agility, speed of change of direction of the arms and hands, and body balance) permitted rather clear interpretation. Factors E, G, and H were left unnamed and need further clarification.

Part II. A comparison of the centroid and the multiple-group methods of factoring the same data was made. A least squares approximation of the F matrix from the V matrix was made. It was shown, that for all practical purposes, the two methods yield similar solutions when the same communalities are used in both solutions.     

Enhancing Motor Learning Through Dyad Practice

Abstract

It has been shown that practice in dyads, as compared to individual practice, can enhance motor learning and increase the efficiency of practice (as two participants can be trained at the same time; Shea, Wulf, &; Whitacre, 1999). The dyad practice protocol used by Shea et al. included both observation and dialogue between partners. Thus, it was not clear whether the learning benefits of dyad practice were due to observation, dialogue, or both. The present study examined the individual and interactive effects of observation and dialogue. The task used was speed cup stacking. Participants practiced under one of four conditions: observation/dialogue, observation/no dialogue, no observation/dialogue, and no observation/no dialogue. The two conditions that included observational practice were more effective (i.e., produced faster movement times) than the two conditions without it, both during practice and on a retention test performed under individual performance conditions. This suggests that the learning advantages of dyad practice are primarily due to the opportunity to observe another learner.     

诱导式教学法的运动技能学

运动技能的学习是体育教学的一个主要目的，体育教学方法的运用是影响运动技能学习的重要因素之一。运动技能学研究表明，诱导式教学法在迁移、练习变化性、反馈和动机等方面对运动技能学习的理论研究和实践探索都具有积极的意义。