Studies in the Rate of Learning Gross Bodily Motor Skills

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of varied amounts of milk in a balanced diet as it relates to short duration, sprint, and power types of athletic performance. Since milk contributes substantial amounts of protein to the diet, it was felt that protein might be a contributing factor in any cause and effect relationship between milk, diet, and physical performance. Hence protein at three levels were included as a variable by combining the three amounts with the changing levels of milk. Learning and conditioning tests were conducted before the start of the experiment and for the final three days of each diet period. Performance on the tests used in the study was not altered by the use of one or two quarts of milk per day in the diet as compared to the absence of all milk from the diet. At the different levels of protein used in this study, performance was unchanged.     

运动技能内隐学习范式的探索研究

有关如何驱动运动技能内隐学习的研究已成为动作技能内隐学习的一个热点.目前,国内虽也开始关注这方面的研究,但相关的研究较少.本研究运用文献资料法、归纳法及逻辑分析等方法对运动技能内隐学习的范式加以概述,以便为后继的相关研究提供一些参考.     

Gross Motor Skills and Sports Participation of Children With Visual Impairments

Gross motor skill performance of children with visual impairments and its association with the degree of visual impairment and sports participation was examined. Twenty children with visual impairments (M age = 9.2 years, SD =1.5) and 100 sighted children (M age = 9.1 years, SD = 1.5) from mainstream schools participated. The results showed that children with visual impairments had significantly lower object control but not locomotor skill scores than the sighted children. No significant differences were found between children with a moderate and severe visual impairment. Children with visual impairments who participated in sports had significantly higher object control skill scores than those who did not. No significant associations between motor skills and sports participation were found in the sighted children.     

A Field-Based Testing Protocol for Assessing Gross Motor Skills in Preschool Children: The CHAMPS Motor Skills Protocol (CMSP)

The purpose of the study was to develop a valid and reliable tool for use in assessing motor skills in preschool children in field based settings. The development of the CHAMPS (Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study) Motor Skills Protocol (CMSP) included evidence of its reliability and validity for use in field-based environments as part of large epidemiological studies. Following pilot work, 297 children (3-5 years old) from 22 preschools were tested using the final version of the CMSP and the TGMD-2. Reliability of the CMSP and interobserver reliability were determined using intraclass correlation procedures (ICC; ANOVA). Concurrent validity was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients to compare the CMSP to the original Test of Gross Motor Development (2(nd) Edition) (TGMD-2). Results indicated that test reliability, interobserver reliability and validity coefficients were all high, generally above R/r = 0.90. Significant age differences were found. Outcomes indicate that the CMSP is an appropriate tool for assessing motor development of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children in field-based settings that are consistent with large-scale trials.     

迁移设计——运动技能学关于运动技能学习的研究方式

迁移设计是西方运动技能学关于运动技能学习的一种研究方式。由运动技能学习的特点以及集中练习与分散练习的经典研究可以看出，迁移设计的提出具有重大的科学价值和现实意义。对这一方法的学习与借鉴必将促进我国的运动技能学研究。     

The Relationship between Measures of Motor Educability and the Learning of Specific Motor Skills

Abstract

Members of the Santa Barbara basketball team were tested periodically during and after the 1957–58 season of play. The changes in physical conditioning were estimated using a step test. During this period of time the blood pressure and pulse wave measurements were studied to investigate the effects of basketball conditioning on these measurements.

The resting and postexercise systolic blood pressure measurements decreased significantly during training. These changes were significant after 16 weeks, while the pulse rate changes indicated conditioning had changed in six weeks. During de-training these measurements reversed and made significant changes in ten weeks.

The pulse wave measurements more closely followed those of the step test. They changed significantly in six weeks, leveled off, and finally reversed to the starting level during de-training.     

大学生内隐学习需求与运动技能的契合发展

高校体育教学作为满足大学生身心健康发展需求的教育路径之一,运动技能的学习表现出大学生个体发展需求的内隐性与外显性,这两者共同作用于大学生的运动技能习得过程当中.在体育教学的过程中通过激活学生的内隐学习程序,可以让学生在没有压力的情况下,轻松完成运动技能的习得过程.基于此,本文结合高校体育教学实际,在分析内隐学习概念的基础上,就如何应用内隐学习激发大学生运动技能的兴趣,提出了实践与理论策略.     

The Generalizability Effectiveness of a Learning Strategy on Achievement in Related Closed Motor Skills

Abstract

This study determined the effectiveness of a global learning strategy on the skill level attained in one closed primary task and two related ones. Eighty subjects were randomly assigned to five groups equal in number and sex: a content-dependent strategy group (CDS), a content-dependent strategy plus reminders group (CDSR), a content-independent strategy group (CIS), a content-independent strategy plus reminders group (CISR), or a control group. A content dependent strategy is one learned in reference to a specific task; in this case, the primary one. A content independent strategy is learned in the context of many example tasks. Subjects performed underhanded dart throwing as the primary task, jart throwing (similar in nature to dart throwing) as the directly related task, and soccer foul shooting as the slightly related task. The strategy used to test the hypotheses generated was the Singer 5-Step Strategy. ANOVAs indicated that all of the strategy learning conditions were significantly more effective than the control condition for each task. Furthermore, the CIS learning situation was more beneficial for the learning of the task most related to the primary task than the CDS learning situation. The CISR group outperformed the other strategy groups in the less-related task.     

The Relationship of Cognitive Style and Instructional Strategy to Learning and Transfer of Motor Skills

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to test the validity of the games for understanding model by comparing it to a technique approach to instruction and a control group. The technique method focused primarily on skill instruction where the skill taught initially was incorporated into a game at the end of each lesson. The games for understanding approach emphasized developing tactical awareness and decision making in small game situations. Two physical education specialists taught field hockey using these approaches for 15 lessons (45 min each). The control group did not receive any field hockey instruction. Data were collected from 71 middle school children. Pretests and posttests were administered for hockey knowledge, skill, and game performance. Separate analyses of variance or analyses of covariance were conducted to examine group differences for cognitive and skill outcomes. The games for understanding group scored significantly higher on passing decision making than the technique and control groups during posttest game play and significantly higher than the control group for declarative and procedural knowledge. The games for understanding group scored significantly higher on control and passing execution than the other groups during posttest game play. For hockey skill, there were no significant differences among the treatment groups for accuracy, but the technique group recorded faster times than the control group on the posttest.     

运动技能表现认识论探索

在分析国内外相关研究的基础上,从运动技能表现认识论角度构建运动技能形成与发展的基本理论框架.建立符合体育教育训练学特征的运动技能构成框架、运动技能形成的基本理论特征、运动技能积累获得性的规律特征、运动技能扩散与创新性规律特征等,揭示运动技能形成与演化的一般规律特征.     

Task Classification and Strategy Utilization in Motor Skills

Abstract

A task classification scheme was developed in accordance with a conceptual model of motor behavior. The scheme suggests that motor skills be categorized as to the processing demands placed on a learner, feedback availability, and pacing conditions. Additionally, potential learner strategies were identified and defined in relation to both the model and the classification scheme. Consideration was given to the fact that strategies should be taught in addition to movement skills. Ultimately, appropriate strategies should be self-generated. Recommendations were provided for the consideration of task-learner-strategy interactions in the design of instructional material and development of instructional programs.     

合作学习对大学生学习互动行为与技能掌握的影响研究

采用文献法和问卷调查法,对278名大学生进行了调查。结果表明:大学生对合作学习反应较为积极,女生对学习伙伴存在较高的选择性;合作学习对于提高大学生的运动技能方面与常规教学接近;合作学习巧妙地协调了个体化的目标结构与合作的目标结构,更体现学习者的主体地位,可更好地促进学生的社会化过程。     

内隐优势效应与运动技能学习

自1965年Reber发现内隐学习以来,内隐学习的研究已取得了很大发展,且逐渐成为当今学习和认知心理学领域的热点课题。随着内隐学习研究的不断深入,内隐学习在运动技能学习中的优势效应也日益突显。本文分析整理了内隐学习的研究成果,并着重分析了运动技能学习中内隐学习的优势效应,以此为依据为技能教学提出建议,从而使技能教学更加有效、顺利的实施。     

当前运动技能教育发展展望

运动技能学习对儿童青少年智力发展至关重要，是一种重要的学习方式。已有研究认为运动技能教育是有规律和系统的，一些基本技能构成各种复杂的运动方式，个体基本技能发展等级决定其参与运动的能力。目前我国大学生技能等级水平较低，体育教育要深入认识运动技能教育的价值，完善运动技能的课程结构，从而满足学生终身参与体育运动的需要。     

运动技能学习策略的研究综述

随着对"学习化社会"理念的逐步认同,有关运动技能的教学策略、学习策略的研究普遍出现。运用文献、对比等研究方法,试图对学习策略、运动技能学习策略研究领域的研究成果进行回顾、归纳,探索其中普遍规律,并对现状进行总结,提出一些基本建议。     

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2

The purpose of this study was to examine the underlying structure of the second edition of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (Ulrich, 2000 Ulrich, D. A. 2000. Test of gross motor development: Examiner's manual, 2nd, Austin, TX: Pro-.  [Google Scholar]) as applied to Chinese children. The Test of Gross Motor Development-2 was administered to 626 Hong Kong Chinese children. The outlier test with standard scoring was utilized. After data screening, a total of 614 cases (N = 614) were used for further analysis. The two-factor structure of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 was tested using confirmatory factor analysis with maximum likelihood estimation to compute parameter estimates and to select the appropriate item for each factor. The goodness-of-fit indices supported that the model was tenable (goodness-of-fit index = .95, root mean square error of approximation = .06, standardized root mean square residual = .04, comparative-fit index = .97). The findings of this study suggested that the two-factor structure proposed by Ulrich (2000 Ulrich, D. A. 2000. Test of gross motor development: Examiner's manual, 2nd, Austin, TX: Pro-.  [Google Scholar]) fit the data of Hong Kong Chinese children.     

Immediate External Feedback in the Learning of Golf Skills

Abstract

This study sought to investigate the effect of immediate external feedback on the learning of the golf drive and the 5-iron approach shot. The subjects were 80 university females who met the criterion of rank beginners in golf. They were randomly assigned to a control or an experimental group. The experimental factor was the graph-check-sequence camera used to photograph the movement patterns of each member of the experimental group. The photos were available for the student and instructor to observe performance strengths and weaknesses immediately. The criterion measure was a battery of three golf skill tests. Results were tabulated with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design to determine the main effect factors or interaction factors on learning achievement. The only significant F's were methods main effects. Therefore, it was concluded that immediate external feedback through use of the graph-check-sequence camera facilitates the learning of the golf drive and the 5-iron approach shot.     

元认知学习策略对独立学院大学生足球运动技能学习的影呐

本研究依据元认知理论,运用问卷调查法、教学实验法,针对元认知学习策略对独立学院大学生足球运动技能学习的影响作了初步研究。结果表明：元认知学习策略使用频度与足球运动技能学习成绩呈显著正相关。因此教师在教学中有意识地加强元认知策略的训练,有利于提高大学生运动技能学习的能力。     

基本动作技能研究热点与演化趋势分析

目的以探究国内基本动作技能研究热点与演进趋势。方法利用可视化分析软件进行科学计量与可视化分析。结果与结论 1)国内基本动作技能研究领域科研力量主要集中在北京师范大学、华东师范大学、山东师范大学;其高产作者主要有北京师范大学姜桂萍、山东师范大学李静、中国人民大学吴升扣等;该研究领域作者之间的横向合作较弱,团队建设有待加强。2)体育学、心理学、医学、教育学等学科是基本动作技能研究领域的生力军,但是各学科之间的交叉融合尚未真正形成。3)基本动作技能研究领域总体发展稳定,主要集中在儿童动作发展、身心发展早期干预、域外经验及其本土化等板块展开。4)基本动作技能领域的演化经历起步、稳定、快速发展3个阶段。"韵律性身体活动"、"基本动作技能评测工具本土化"、"基本动作技能实验干预"等将会成为新时期主要研究方向。