英语传播:西方谋求文化霸权的手段

英语传播已成为西方国家实现文化霸权的重要工具,影响和破坏第三世界国家弱势文化,威胁着包括我国在内的第三世界国家的文化安全。英语帝国主义正逐渐形成,应引起外语教学界的重视和反思。     

A Critical Social Literacy Project: Newfoundlanders Challenge The Shipping News

In this paper we challenge traditional classroom reading and writing practices by presenting a critique of a critical literacy project that used hypermedia as the vehicle for textual engagement and resistance. We begin with remarks that locate critical literacy within a postmodern world, explain why we invited our students in the Faculty of Education at Memorial University of Newfoundland to read The Shipping News (1993), and continue with an analysis of their constructed World Wide Web texts. In addition to the Web pages, our data consist of students' commentaries on the course assignments, emails to the instructors, and the Internet audience's responses to the site. Literacy emerges and expands well beyond its earlier restrictive text-based practices. It assumes a plurality of constructions and meanings that are situated within social engagements with the world in which the students live.     

论翻译中目的语文化对源语文化的抵制

在翻译的过程中,源语文本通过翻译进入另一文化语境时必然会受到来自目的语文化各方面的因素的制约。学界对这一问题的探究各具特色。深入分析不同学者的观点并挖掘出导致各种制约产生的深层次原因有助于深刻认识这一问题。通过分析可以得出:在翻译过程中产生大量的文化抵制其实归根结底是源于不同文化背景和出于不同语言系统的人在通过翻译交流时必然会按照自己语言系统的独特方式去解读文本。两种文化间语言系统差别越大,最终产生的文化抵制也会越强烈。     

Adequate Cost Analysis as a Basis for Budget Making

ABSTRACT

The authors examined the impact of 2 subsequent, longitudinal interdisciplinary interventions for 58 Hispanic English language learners (ELLs): (a) Grade 5 science with English language/reading embedded (i.e., science intervention) and (b) K–3 English language/reading with science embedded (i.e., language/reading intervention). Results revealed that (a) in the science intervention treatment ELLs outperformed their counterparts in English-reading fluency, knowledge of word meaning, and science and reading achievement; (b) in the language/reading intervention treatment ELLs continued to develop faster than their peers in English oracy, reading fluency, and comprehension; (c) ELLs benefited more from the science intervention if they received the prior language/reading intervention. We conclude that for ELLs, the integration of science and English language/reading should primarily focus on reading in elementary grades and science in Grade 5.     

俄罗斯文化研究在对外汉语教学中的作用

对留学生本民族文化的研究以及与目的语文化对比的研究,可以帮助我们更好地教授汉语。本文分析了对外汉语教学中俄罗斯文化研究的重要性,对比了中国和俄罗斯文化的差异,并给出了教学建议。     

Pedagogical Equilibrium as a Lens for Understanding Teaching about Teaching

This article looks closely at a teacher inquiry group and the dilemmas that emerged during the first year of facilitating the group. The author encountered a number of unforeseen dilemmas that challenged previous understanding of teacher inquiry, its processes, and purposes. The author moved from viewing the process of facilitation of teacher inquiry as a “dilemma free” process, to a complex undertaking that continually raises questions about issues of authority and expertise. This article underscores the important role that facilitation plays in teacher inquiry groups and the complexity of the role of facilitator. It also highlights the important role a facilitator can play in allowing teachers to consider how to best improve their practice to advance both English language learners’ content knowledge and their English language skills.     

Slash Writers and Guinea Pigs as Models for a Scientific Multiliteracy

This paper explores alternative approaches to the conception of scientific literacy, drawing on cultural studies and emerging practices in language arts as its framework. The paper reviews historic tensions in the understanding of scientific literacy and then draws on the multiliteracies movement in language arts to suggest a scientific multiliteracy. This is explored through analyzing the writing practices of groups other than scientists who for a variety of reasons must engage science. Specifically the paper examines zine writers who are ‘professional’ human research subjects, i.e. derive a part of their annual income by signing up for psychological and medical experiments, and science fiction fans, who produce their own texts in response to the narratives they love. The paper argues that these literacy practices add to traditional notions of scientific literacy possibilities of history, fiction, critique, as well as more traditional empiricism embraced by national standards. The paper concludes by considering the ambivalence towards science in both of these popular scientific literacy communities’ writings, arguing that what multiliteracies offers is a possibility of a more nuanced, more appropriately ambivalent, and more politically and ethically engaged subject of science than offered by the current version of literacy dominating science educational discourse.     

Toward a set of design principles for decoding training: A systematic review of studies of English as a foreign/second language listening education

Listening is a major challenge for many English as a foreign language (EFL)/English as a second language (ESL) learners. Many learners find it difficult to immediately process and segment an ongoing stream of sounds. Decoding training is one of interventions that have been used to assist EFL/ESL learners. This paper reviewed empirical studies of the effectiveness of decoding training in developing EFL/ESL learners' listening. We examined the following four major factors: (a) the types of instructional activities used; (b) the effects of decoding training on student listening outcomes; (c) the main instructional enablers of decoding training; and (d) the main instructional barriers to decoding training. The two activities most frequently used for decoding training were dictation and pronunciation instruction. A meta-analysis of 13 intervention studies showed an overall significant effect in favor of decoding training over non-decoding instruction for listening education (Hedges's g = 0.553, CI = 0.348–0.759, 95% confidence interval, p = 0.000), with no evidence of publication bias. Two theoretical frameworks, cognitive learning theory and the attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction model, were used to synthesize 33 studies to analyze the common elements that promote and hinder the development of learners' decoding skills. We proposed a set of design principles for decoding training that are expected to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of decoding training in EFL/ESL listening education.     

English for Medical Purposes:Design a Course for Chinese Clinical Doc tors for Overseas Exchange

The English level of the staff is generally intermediate since they have learned general English and medical English during their college and universities,the courses can be intensively taught in two months with three courses every week.The proficiency level of the exchanged clinical doctors,their linguistic needs as well as the communicative needs will be imaginatively illustrated according to the literatures which are about the medical staff’s needs for English as a surviving tool of working in foreign hospitals.     

对外汉语教学中的语言教学与文化教学

对外汉语教学，既要重视汉语语音，语法的教学，还应重视中国文化的教学，两者结合渗透，相辅相成，以提高留学生培养质量。     

Families Learn Together: Reconceptualizing Linguistic Diversity as a Resource

While a growing number of diverse children are entering U.S. schools, misconceptions remain regarding language acquisition. Analysis of weekly interactions in an urban children’s playgroup in the South reveals how the concept of language diversity as a deficit is still widespread. Mothers of young children still believed that efforts to learn multiple languages diminish a child’s ability to learn other things. Conversely, research points to multilingualism as a resource rather than a deficit. Findings indicate that interactions among mothers and children, mediated by the researcher, combined with observations of one child’s bilingual development allowed mothers and young children to rethink their beliefs regarding linguistic diversity. They began recognizing that bilingualism/multilingualism adds to the lives of all children.     

对外汉语教学中文化课程测试的理念与形式

成绩测试形式与教学理念密不可分。对外汉语教学中的文化课程测试一般为纯粹型的文化知识测试,难以将文化的学习与语言能力、跨文化交际能力的提高结合起来。随着二语习得理念的改变,带来成绩测试形式的变化。我们在教学中重视过程性评价,调整测试内容和形式有意识地培养留学生的跨文化交际能力。在教学中增加任务型的小组作业,更关注留学生的学习过程,鼓励他们将文化知识的增长应用于交际活动,从而有效地改善了文化课程的教学效果。     

从对外汉语文化教学的角度谈“上”“下”二词

现代汉语中＂上＂＂下＂二词作为方位词时,其引申意义体现出了＂上尊下卑＂和＂上好下坏＂的文化意义;作为趋向动词时,呈现出了明显的褒贬色彩的不同;作为动词时的一些义项也体现出了褒贬色彩的不同。对这些文化因素的研究与教学,既是对外汉语文化教学的重要组成部分,也显示了文化教学对词汇教学的促进作用。     

The benefits of metacognitive reading strategy awareness instruction for young learners of English as a second language

This paper presents a small‐scale study examining the effects of metacognitive reading strategy instruction on English language learners' reading comprehension in a Hong Kong international school. Twenty‐five primary school (Grade 5) students who learn English as a second language participated in this study. Metacognitive instruction was incorporated into 10 process‐based reading lessons. Data were collected from notes learners took during reading, post‐reading reflection reports, teacher‐facilitated group discussions and two types of reading tests. Results revealed that the young learners could articulate several knowledge factors that influenced their reading. In addition, learners reported a better understanding of the nature and demands of reading, a deeper awareness of metacognitive knowledge in improving reading comprehension and increased confidence in handling reading exercises. The learners also showed enhanced reading performance compared to those in a control group without metacognitive intervention. This study highlights the potential of metacognitive instruction to enhance primary school English learners' reading literacy.     

Students' perceptions of Wiki-based collaborative writing for learners of English as a foreign language

This study proposes a Wiki-based collaborative writing approach to the writing process for EFL (English as a foreign language) learners. A five-stage computer-mediated collaborative writing project including collaborative planning, partitioned drafting, peer-revising, peer-editing, and individual publishing was blended with on-campus English composition course. Fifty-one L2 learners at a university in central Taiwan participated in this project. Procedural scaffolding and collective scaffolding were provided to promote students' self-regulation and thus to foster the development of students' writing skills. A cross-referencing questionnaire survey was adopted to investigate students' perceptions of Wiki-based collaborative writing and students' perceptions of their work in each stage of collaborative writing. As the results indicated, a high percentage of students' satisfaction showed positive perceptions of this Wiki-based collaborative writing environment, and the instructional design of implementing a Wiki-based collaborative writing project with a five-stage writing process does assist EFL learners to accomplish a collaborative writing task on the internet with less limitation of time. This article also points to new possibilities for future research.     

On the Pronunciation of ELT Teachers in China as a Source for Language Contact and Language Input

在外语教学中,教师发挥着越来越重要的作用.因此,对外语教师的要求也随之提高.这一点已经得到了证实.作为语言沟通和语言输入的来源,外语教师的标准发音给教学带来了很大作用.因此,应当对外语教师进行培训,然后挑选合格者任职.这样,才能教会学生标准的语音语调,促进语言的正确运用.     

A Randomized Experiment of a Cognitive Strategies Approach to Text-Based Analytical Writing for Mainstreamed Latino English Language Learners in Grades 6 to 12

Abstract

This study reports Year 1 findings from a multisite cluster randomized controlled trial of a cognitive strategies approach to teaching text-based analytical writing for mainstreamed Latino English language learners (ELLs) in 9 middle schools and 6 high schools. There were 103 English teachers stratified by school and grade and then randomly assigned to the Pathway Project professional development intervention or control group. The Pathway Project trains teachers to use a pretest on-demand writing assessment to improve text-based analytical writing instruction for mainstreamed Latino ELLs who are able to participate in regular English classes. The intervention draws on well-documented instructional frameworks for teaching mainstreamed ELLs. Such frameworks emphasize the merits of a cognitive strategies approach that supports these learners’ English language development. Pathway teachers participated in 46 hrs of training and learned how to apply cognitive strategies by using an on-demand writing assessment to help students understand, interpret, and write analytical essays about literature. Multilevel models revealed significant effects on an on-demand writing assessment (d = .35) and the California Standards Test in English language arts (d = .07).     

Is performance in English as a second language a relevant criterion for admission to an English medium university?

Since colonial times, many English-medium universities in developing countries require applicants to give proof of a high degree of proficiency in English language. Applicants with (very) good school results, but without the required score in school English are not admitted. This study focuses on the efficacy of such an entry requirement, using the performance of students at the National University of Lesotho. The results show that performance in school-level English is hardly correlated with academic performance, when controlling for the overall school performance. At the same time, overall school performance is a good predictor of performance. The study makes an attempt to quantify the implications of the current emphasis on performance in school English, and concludes that this emphasis cannot be justified, since it actually works to keep a number of very promising students outside the university. Finally, some reasons are suggested for the apparent lack of correlation between performance in school English and performance at university.     

A forest‐based environment as a site of literacy and meaning making for kindergarten children

This study analyses the valued school experiences of 15 five‐ and six‐year‐old Canadian children, through their creation of multimodal texts. Throughout the school year, the students spent a large portion of each school day in the expansive forest on the school grounds, and their texts revealed their significant interest in this natural outdoor environment. Specifically, the data revealed that the outdoor space provided a context where the children could engage with each other and the environment in meaningful, creative and collaborative ways. This research has the potential to contribute to our understanding of the capacity of young children to share their thoughts on their school experiences by drawing on a range of modes and to contribute to our understanding of the power of alternative learning spaces, such as forest environments, on children's literacy learning and development.