An investigation of the dynamics of aggression: direct observations in ice hockey and basketball

There have been significant problems in the study of sports aggression, and they are linked to how aggression has been defined, measured, and analyzed. Following a review of the whole domain, this study aimed to construct a theoretically coherent and ecologically valid framework for research on processes underlying sports aggression and to contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the area. An exploratory method using computer observational analysis as the primary research method, along with complementary questionnaires and personal reflections, considered aggression in two comparison sports: ice hockey and basketball. Data were compiled and classified by involved and independent experts relative to factors and behaviors associated with sports aggression derived from a comprehensive review of the literature. Among the study's findings were that: (a) aggression was instrumental in nature two-thirds of the time; (b) aggressive acts typically occurred in clusters and varied in frequency according to game circumstances; and (c) multiple variables and aggression theories were related to severely aggressive acts. The complex dynamics of sports aggression via similar naturalistic methodologies is discussed.     

冰球运动员的耐力训练

通过对冰球运动员比赛中能量供应特点的分析,提出发展有氧供能耐力、无氧磷酸原供能耐力、无氧糖酵解供能耐力训练的方法.     

Aspects of traumatology in ice hockey

Ice hockey is the fastest team game played and is also considered to be one of the roughest of all sports, with a high injury incidence. Injuries and their causes were recorded by the questioning of players in the first league of the Federal Republic of Germany. Eighty‐eight out of a total of 207 first league players were included in this study. Head injuries were found to occur most frequently: however, lesions of the shoulders and of the upper and lower extremities had a more detrimental effect. The links between causes and mechanisms of the different kinds of injuries make it clear that a marked tightening of the rules and an improvement in protective clothing would serve to reduce the incidence of injuries in ice hockey.     

Aspects of traumatology in ice hockey

Ice hockey is the fastest team game played and is also considered to be one of the roughest of all sports, with a high injury incidence. Injuries and their causes were recorded by the questioning of players in the first league of the Federal Republic of Germany. Eighty-eight out of a total of 207 first league players were included in this study. Head injuries were found to occur most frequently: however, lesions of the shoulders and of the upper and lower extremities had a more detrimental effect. The links between causes and mechanisms of the different kinds of injuries make it clear that a marked tightening of the rules and an improvement in protective clothing would serve to reduce the incidence of injuries in ice hockey.     

Assessment of ice hockey performance in real-game conditions

Abstract

The aim of this study was to adapt a performance measurement tool, the Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP), to ice hockey during match-play. In addition to the six categories included in the original observational procedure, the ice hockey TSAP contained four new categories. Twelve Pee-Wee ice hockey matches were video-recorded during a regional championship tournament. The game play of 103 of the 11- to 12-year-old players was then analysed on video by three trained observers, based on all 10 ice hockey TSAP categories. The observational data were thereafter used to compute, for each player, a “volume of play per minute” and an efficiency index. Finally, volume of play per minute and the efficiency index were combined to obtain a composite score, the TSAP performance score. Additional measurements for each player were playing time during the observed matches, coaches’ assessments (dominant, good, less decisive), and player tournament statistics (number of points, based on assists and goals). The mean TSAP performance score was substantially higher for players rated by their coaches as dominant and for players who accumulated more than one tournament point, findings that provide evidence of the validity of the TSAP measure. In inter-observer reliability analyses of TSAP observational data provided by the trained observersfrom video recordings, the level of agreement between each pair of observers was 80–82%. Reliability correlations over a series of three matches (r=0.26, 0.59, and 0.16 respectively) showed that the TSAP performance score was relatively unstable. Ice hockey coaches may use this adapted Team Sport Assessment Procedure to better understand the offensive implication of each player in a given match, since the 10 observational variables provide more extensive information on performance than traditional statistical measures. Due to low performance stability of the TSAP performance score, coaches ought to use the observational assessment data for the formative rather than the summative assessment of their players unless they cumulate information over a series of several matches. Formative assessment can be conducted either during training camps or even during the regular season.     

谈冰球运动员的赛前心理状态

心理因素在一定程度上直接影响着冰球比赛的结果.冰球运动员的赛前心理状态具有多样性和可变性,必须对此进行具体分析,并通过有效的心理训练方法,使其调整到最佳状态,以提高自我控制能力,有利于在比赛中技、战术的发挥.     

谈轮滑球与冰球技术、战术的内在联系

就轮滑球与冰球运动的特点，即对两项运动的技术、战术的内在联系进行了剖析，以此来普及和推广这项极具开发潜力的集体运动项目。     

我国民间冰球运动开展的现状与未来走势

我国民间冰球运动的再一次兴起,是新世纪我国冰球运动形成多元化格局发展的又一个增长点.通过对哈尔滨市多年来一支自发性的、以专业队转业队员和大专院校体育教师为主的民间团体冰球队,以及他们的现状进行分析研讨,探讨了民间冰球发展的潜力和可行性,认为应加强民间冰球队伍的组织、协调和管理,使之成为促进我国冰球运动发展与提高的一支重要力量.     

Skating mechanics of change-of-direction manoeuvres in ice hockey players

Ice hockey requires rapid transitions between skating trajectories to effectively navigate about the ice surface. Player performance relates in large part to effective change-of-direction manoeuvres, but little is known about how those skills are performed mechanically and the effect of equipment design on them. The purpose of this study was to observe the kinetics involved in those manoeuvres as well as to compare whether kinetic differences may result between two skate models of varying ankle mobility. Eight subjects with competitive ice hockey playing experience performed rapid lateral (90°) left and right change-of-direction manoeuvres. Kinetic data were collected using force strain gauge transducers on the blade holders of the skates. Significantly greater forces were applied by the outside skate (50–70% body weight, %BW) in comparison to the inside skate (12–24%BW, p < 0.05). Skate model and turn direction had no main effect, though significant mixed interactions between leg side (inside/outside) with skate model or turn direction (p < 0.05) were observed, with a trend for left-turn dominance. This study demonstrates the asymmetric dynamic behaviour inherent in skating change-of-direction tasks.     

谈比赛中运动员的冰球意识

通过论述运动员冰球意识的内容,指出了冰球意识是一个优秀冰球运动员能力的首要组成部分,其培养具有十分重要的意义,并提出冰球意识的培养途径.     

浅谈冰球运动员赛前心态调整

通过问卷、走访教练员，发现我国各级冰球队伍中赛前心理训练不受重视，且调整手段单一、滞后。针对冰球运动员赛前情绪波动的诱因、类型加以分析，并提出一些具体的调适方法供教练员选用。     

拖拉雪橇练习在冰球训练中的应用

1 雪橇训练器械简介 在加拿大许多的冰球运动员使用拖拉雪撬作为提高身体素质训练的专项运动方式.雪撬是发展臀部和腿部肌肉组织爆发力的训练装置.为确保雪橇的最大稳定性,在前面有2个平滑的向上的牵引撬.在雪橇顶部焊接一个架设在平台上的一根能支撑多种杠铃片(可达500 Ib)的垂直棒(如图2).与附加装置牵引链相连的两个链被固定在两个横杆的最高环.根据训练的刺激需要,训练可以通过1-2个手柄、附件、带子或绳子等广泛的搭配起来一起执行.使用雪橇练习应选在一个平坦的、足够大的草地(例如橄榄球或足球场地).     

Examination of birthplace and birthdate in World Junior ice hockey players

The present study investigated birthdate (known as the Relative Age Effect; RAE) and birthplace as determinants of expertise in an international sample of elite ice hockey players. The sample included 566 World Junior (WJR) ice hockey players from four countries (Canada, n = 153; USA, n = 136; Sweden, n = 140; Finland, n = 137). Participants competed in the International Ice Hockey Federation World U20 Championship between 2001 and 2009. A series of Poisson regression models were conducted to examine the consistency of direct then interactive relationships between both birthdate and birthplace and WJR membership across the four countries (Canada, USA, Sweden, and Finland). Findings revealed a consistent RAE across the four countries for World Junior participation from 2000 to 2009. WJR players from the four countries were also less likely to be from major cities. In addition, there was no evidence in any of the four countries of an interaction between RAE and birthplace. Future research should explore the contextual and cultural factors that influence elite athlete development in smaller towns, cities and communities.     

冬残奥会冰球项目技术特征分析

从项目特征、技术运用等角度对冬残奥会冰球项目的技术特征进行分析.认为:残奥冰球技术复杂多样,主要由滑行技术、进攻技术和防守技术组成,每种技术相互串联、相互影响,不同技术的连续运用是完成整场比赛的保证.     

A biomechanical comparison of successful and unsuccessful power clean attempts

Although the power clean is an almost ubiquitous exercise in the strength and conditioning setting, relatively little is known about the biomechanics of successful and unsuccessful power clean lift attempts. The purpose of this study was to determine biomechanical differences between successful and unsuccessful power clean lift attempts in male collegiate athletes. Fifteen male lacrosse players (Age: 20.1 ± 1.2; Height: 1.78 ± 0.07 m; Body mass: 80.4 ± 8.1 kg; Relative one-repetition maximum power clean: 1.25 ± 0.13 kg/kg) were videotaped during a lifting session that required the completion of maximal effort power cleans to establish a one-repetition maximum. The position of the barbell was digitised and used to calculate the displacement, velocity, acceleration, and acceleration vector of the barbell. The results revealed that unsuccessful attempts were characterised by differences during the second pull phase. Unsuccessful lifts exhibited greater peak forward barbell displacement, lower backward barbell velocities, and lower resultant acceleration angles during the second pull. Strength and conditioning coaches should therefore emphasise limited forward motion of the barbell during the second pull and instruct athletes to generate a more backward-directed force during the second pull in order to lift greater loads during testing and subsequent lifting sessions.     

Boosting ice hockey in China: political economy,mega-events and community

Abstract

With Beijing winning the bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, China has been actively boosting winter sports in the domestic market. This article briefly reviews the history of China’s ice hockey development and discusses the growth of ice hockey in China from the perspective of policies, the 2022 Winter Olympics and youth hockey athlete development models in Beijing. The conclusion of this study indicates that the national and local governments in China are taking measures to guarantee hockey development, and the 2022 Winter Olympics have brought huge opportunities for ice hockey in China. Long-term strategies, especially the strategies for the post-2022 Winter Olympic era need to be conducted. In addition, the family model, the professional and youth hockey clubs are efficient ways to maintain sustainable ice hockey development in China.     

对普通高校开展冰球运动可行性的探讨

目前,北方普通高等院校冬季体育教学还是以速度滑冰为主的单一教学,冰球运动没有得到有效地开展。应该利用社会经济快速发展和高校体育教学改革的契机,研讨普及和发展普通高等院校冰球运动的可行性,开展好高等院校冰球运动,丰富冬季体育教学内容。     

Evaluation of impact attenuation of facial protectors in ice hockey helmets

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which ice hockey facial protectors can decrease overall head acceleration during blunt impacts, as well as to identify whether attenuation differences exist between visors and cages. Commercial models of three cages and three visors were assessed. Blunt impacts were simulated, permitting the measurement of peak accelerations (PA) within the surrogate headform. Results indicated that face protectors, in combination with helmets, substantially reduced PA during blunt impacts within threshold safety limits (below 300g). In general, cages showed lower PA than visors. Differences between models were also observed during repeated impacts and impact site. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that facial protectors function beyond their role in solely preventing facial injuries, complementing the role of the helmet in attenuating head deceleration during impact. Consequently, the utilisation of facial protectors may reduce the severity and incidence of head injuries.     

对冰球教练员临场自我调控方法与调控能力培养的探讨

分析了教练员在冰球队中的重要地位,以及临场不良表现对场上运动员的影响。提出了教练员临场自我控制的方法与自我控制能力培养的手段。     

普通高校冰球刀滑冰教学的初步研究

随着教学改革的深入，许多北方高校冬季冰上课逐渐由速滑刀滑冰向冰球刀滑冰教学方面发展。对速滑刀滑冰和冰球刀滑冰技术特点及学生掌握情况进行对比研究，并结合教学实践提出了冰球刀滑冰教学注意事项和加强措施。目的是为了改进教学方法，进一步提高教学质量，使冰上课在增强体质和增进健康中发挥重要作用。