Framing bodies of knowledge within the ‘acoustics’ of the school: exploring pedagogical transition through newly qualified Physical Education teacher experiences

This article explores the sociological dynamics of pedagogic transition that occur with the passage of newly qualified teachers (NQTs) of Physical Education (PE) into their first posts. It draws its empirical illustration from life history and ethnographic data collected in 2006, from two first-post NQT status PE teachers with contrasting experiences, Pete and Jayne (pseudonyms). In approaching this task, we utilise the influential theoretical frameworks forwarded by Basil Bernstein and Pierre Bourdieu in a collaborative rather than an oppositional manner. More specifically, by viewing Bernstein's discursive codes and code modalities as embedded in the body through the use of Bourdieu's habitus, we explore the metaphors of resonance and dissonance felt in relation to the ‘school acoustic’ that occurred through the interplay of strong and weak framing for these individuals. In the two contrasting cases presented, Pete experienced explicit support through strong framing of performance codes and as a consequence found an explicit resonance between these and his own habitus. He quickly negotiated his identity and began reproducing existing pedagogy and discourses. In the second case, Jayne experienced implicit support through the weak framing of valued discursive codes. Consequently, she was forced to draw on her habitus in uncertain ways and oriented towards perfection codes and innovative practices. However, gradually she found her habitus to be dissonant with the perfection code modalities dominating the acoustics of the school and subsequently left the institution. The article reflects on the potential for furthering a principled collaboration of Bernstein and Bourdieu's concepts in the manner undertaken here. It concludes by highlighting the possible uses of such a perspective for helping NQTs entering PE and for schools accepting these teachers.     

体育专业大学生职业兴趣结构代码研究

为了给体育专业学生提供升学或就业时职业选择和个人兴趣相匹配的指导，从国内6所体育院校，5个专业方向的856名学生中，筛选出专业满意度高、专业成绩优秀的398名被试，进行《升学与就业指导测验》的测试研究。结果表明，1)体育专业学生总体的职业兴趣结构代码的前3码为S、A、E。2)体育专业学生的职业兴趣结构代码的前3码集中在S、A、E3种类型上，但各专业方向的代码排序有差别。体育教育专业、民族传统体育专业、运动人体科学专业的前3码是S、A、E；运动训练学专业是S、E、A；社会体育专业是A、E、S。     

Using micro-mechanical modelling to predict short-fibre composite properties in computer-aided design of sporting equipment

Computer-aided design (CAD) of sporting equipment requires knowledge of the mechanical properties of proposed materials. The mechanical properties of composite materials are often not as simple to obtain as those of conventional materials, in which case micro-mechanical modelling could be used in conjunction with CAD software. A micro-mechanical model was used to predict the flexural modulus of composite materials, based on the assumption of partial interfacial adhesion between composite components. It was found that the partial adhesion model was both practical and consistently accurate. The partial adhesion model accounted for adhesion between components by considering an ‘effective shear value’ at the interface. The model was compared to experimental data for glass, wood and carbon-fibre reinforced polyethylene. It was shown that the adhesion coefficient ranged between 0.1 for carbon fibre, 0.5 for glass fibre and 0.8 for the wood fibre composites. It was shown that using micro-mechanical modelling to predict composite mechanical properties, as opposed to simulating the comprehensive composites structure, computer processing time and file size can be reduced with little compromise in simulation accuracy.     

从新规则探寻艺术体操的发展趋势与对策

以文献资料法、访谈法、数理统计法为主要研究手段,对2001版、2003版、2005版国际艺术体操评分规则进行了分析、讨论,阐述了国际艺术体操2005版规则的变化特点及艺术体操的主要发展趋势,提出了"五要"的相应对策.     

背投影式运动技术影片解析系统

本文介绍了一种背投影式的运动技术影片分析系统。概述了该系统的设计原理、组成和特点。该系统设计上采用了机械手的方式模拟人手采点的方法,操作无需记忆采点顺序,并有自动寻找关节坐标窗口的功能。     

Joint torque and mechanical energy flow in the support legs of skilled race walkers

This study analyzed the joint torque and the mechanical energy flow in the support legs of skilled male race walkers. Twelve race walkers were videotaped using a high-speed camera at a frame rate of 250 Hz set perpendicular to the sagittal plane of motion; their ground reaction forces were measured with two force platforms. A two-dimensional, 14-segment, linked model was used to calculate the kinetics of the support leg joints. In the initial part of the support phase, the mechanical energy flowed into the thigh and shank by the torque of the large hip extensors and knee flexors. In the middle part, the mechanical energy generated by the torque of the large plantar flexors flowed to the foot and from the foot to the shank by the ankle joint force. The mechanical energy flow by the forward joint force of the support hip was significantly related to the walking speed in the final part of the support phase. Our findings suggest that race walkers in the final part of the support phase should exert the torque of the knee extensors and hip flexors to transfer the mechanical energy more effectively to the support thigh and shank.     

Body composition analysis of inter-county Gaelic athletic association players measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

Gaelic Football and Hurling are two sporting codes within the Gaelic Athletic Association. The purpose of this study was to report the body composition phenotype of inter-county Gaelic athletic association players, comparing groups by code and field position. 190 senior, male, outfield inter-county players (144 hurlers and 46 Gaelic footballers) were recruited. Stature and body mass was measured, estimates of three components of body composition, i.e. lean mass, fat mass and bone mineral content was obtained by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and normative data for Gaelic athletic association athletes by code and position was compared. Other than in the midfield, there was limited difference in body composition between codes or playing position. Stature-corrected indices nullified any existing group differences between midfielders for both codes. Further comparisons with a non-athletic control group (n = 431) showed no difference for body mass index (BMI); however, the athletic group has a lower fat mass index, with a greater lean mass in accounting for the matched BMI between groups. In addition to providing previously unknown normative data for the Gaelic athletic association athlete, a proportional and independent tissue evaluation of body composition is given.     

Stressors, social support, and effects upon performance in golf

In this study, we extended the work of Rees and Hardy (2004) by examining the main and stress-buffering effects of social support upon sports performance in a different context, using a different outcome measure, and a specific time-frame. A high-level performance sample of 117 male golfers (mean age 24.8, s = 8.3) completed measures of social support and stressors before competitions. Performance outcome was recorded. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed significant (P < 0.05) main effects for stressors upon performance in 8 of the 11 models tested (R2 = 0.08 - 0.21). Over and above the variance accounted for by stressors, there were significant (P < 0.05) main effects for social support upon performance in all models tested (DeltaR2 = 0.10 - 0.24). In all models, stressors were associated with worse performance, whereas social support was associated with better performance. There were no significant interactions (stress-buffering effects). Main effects for social support upon performance suggest that social support may have aided performance directly, regardless of the level of stress.     

Environmental correlates of total and domain-specific sedentary behaviour in young people. The UP&DOWN study

This study investigated the associations between the characteristics of the nearby physical environment with the total and domain-specific leisure-time sedentary behaviour (SB) in young people. The study included 1578 youth (9–18 years) from the UP&DOWN study. Total leisure-time SB was objectively-assessed by accelerometers. Participants self-reported the time spent during leisure-time in different domains of SB (i.e. screen-based, educational-based, social-based, and other-based SB). Information regarding the basic characteristics of the house, the perceived neighbourhood environment, the amount of physical activity facilities, equipment and materials attainable at home, and the media equipment available at home and in the own bedroom was collected. Linear mixed models were performed, including school and city as random effects. The availability of yard was related to lower total SB and time spent surfing the Internet in boys, but not in girls. More favourable perceived neighbourhood environment was associated with lower total SB and time spent playing video games in girls, but not in boys. The amount of physical activity materials at home was negatively associated with screen-based SB, while the availability of a computer in the own bedroom was positively related to the time spent surfing the Internet in boys and girls. The number of televisions at home and having a computer in the own bedroom was associated with lower time in educational-based SB in boys and girls, respectively. Increasing the number of PA materials at home and decreasing the number of TVs at home and the availability of a computer in the bedroom could improve SB profiles of youth.     

体育院校计算机应用基础考试模式的探讨

计算机应用基础这门课程不同于其他科目,实践性比较强。在传统的笔试考试中,把各种知识点都用纸面的方式来给出,忽略了对学生实践技能的培养和考核。当前,计算机无纸化考试系统由于高度安全,便于组卷和评阅,资源消耗小,自动化程度高,大大提高了工作效率,比传统的考试更为方便和快捷,同时也有利于对学生实践技能考核,在平时的教学中也就加强了对学生实践能力的培养。在体育院校推行计算机应用基础考试无纸化考试,是考试模式的改革与创新,研究设计无纸化考试系统也是今后一个重要的课题。     

滑行经济性测评方法和技术特征的研究进展

系统梳理国外相关文献,探究滑行经济性测评方法的演进发展和影响经济性水平的主要技术特征发现:随着场地至实验室测试条件的转变,滑行经济性测评的效度和信度得以不断提升,目前已形成一套规范严谨的测评方法。上下肢协同的用力模式和“低频长幅”的周期步态是反映SE水平的主要技术表征;不同地形条件下,存在着SE更强的优选技术,适度延长撑杖时间和增大雪板方位角是提高上坡能量利用效率的关键;轻质雪板仅在陡坡地形表现出经济性的优势;长杖对改善SE有潜在的作用,但机理仍有较大分歧。未来SE研究可从实验室环境迁移至户外训练和比赛场地,由单一因素分析转向“技术-地形-装备”的复合影响因素探索,由基础性研究逐渐过渡至干预实验以及高水平竞技迁移等应用性研究。     

体育专业技术课超媒体教材的优点及其框架设计

超媒体技术是一种现代信息传播技术,在体育专业技术课理论教学中运用超媒体教材比运用其它形式的教材有着更多优势,根据现阶段的计算机技术,开发设计超媒体教材是完全可行的,并以排球课为例对体育专业技术课超媒体教材进行了框架设计。     

The role of path length- and speed-related factors for the enhancement of section performance in alpine giant slalom

Knowing how to enhance alpine skiing performance is essential for effective coaching. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of path length- and speed-related factors for performance enhancement, while skiing on a homogeneously set/constantly inclined giant slalom course section (average gate distance: 27?m; offset: 8?m; slope inclination: 26°). During a video-based three-dimensional kinematic field-experiment, the data of six athletes who skied a two-gate section on four different types of skis were collected. The performance parameter analysed was section time. The performance predictors analysed were centre of mass (CoM), path length and the change in specific mechanical energy per entrance speed along the analysed section. Furthermore, since the current study examined alpine skiing performance within short sections, the skier’s entrance speed was also considered. Classified as a high-performance and a low-performance group based on section time, slow and fast trials significantly differed in CoM path length, the change in specific mechanical energy per entrance speed and entrance speed. The entrance speed of all trials analysed ranged between 15.25 and 17.66?m/s. In trials with both high and low entrance speed, the change in specific mechanical energy per entrance speed was found to be more relevant for the prediction of section time than CoM path length. However, further studies should investigate whether such a prioritization can be unrestrictedly generalized to other situations, such as entrance speeds, course sets, slope inclinations and competition disciplines different to those assessed in the current study.     

新旧竞技健美操竞赛规则对比分析

在2004版竞技健美操竞赛规则出台不久,国际体联又于2004年9月底颁布了2005-2008年新竞赛规则(以下简称新规则),新规则在原有规则的基础上作了较大的修改与补充.通过对新旧规则详细的对比分析,从而预测竞技健美操项目的发展趋势,把握其发展脉搏,为我国竞技健美操的训练与编排提供一定的理论参考.     

The influence of tyre characteristics on measures of rolling performance during cross-country mountain biking

This investigation sets out to assess the effect of five different models of mountain bike tyre on rolling performance over hard-pack mud. Independent characteristics included total weight, volume, tread surface area and tread depth. One male cyclist performed multiple (30) trials of a deceleration field test to assess reliability. Further tests performed on a separate occasion included multiple (15) trials of the deceleration test and six fixed power output hill climb tests for each tyre. The deceleration test proved to be reliable as a means of assessing rolling performance via differences in initial and final speed (coefficient of variation (CV) = 4.52%). Overall differences between tyre performance for both deceleration test (P = 0.014) and hill climb (P = 0.032) were found, enabling significant (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.049) models to be generated, allowing tyre performance prediction based on tyre characteristics. The ideal tyre for rolling and climbing performance on hard-pack surfaces would be to decrease tyre weight by way of reductions in tread surface area and tread depth while keeping volume high.     

能量回收视角下体医融合大众健康促进方案研究

以设计体育活动和中医保健按摩相融合的大众健康促进方案为目的,运用文献资料法、专家访谈法,探求能量回收视角下体医融合的理论支撑;基于体育活动中产生的机械能输出以及中医按摩功法所需的能量输入这一原理,结合实验法和问卷调查法,分析机械能再次利用到中医按摩手法中的可行性。研究认为群众体育活动中产生的部分机械能可以利用为自身按摩的机械能,在实施中应该针对不同人群的不同需求设计实施方案。与此同时,需要对健康促进方案进行宣传、推广、反馈和调节,不断优化和改进,最终实现对大众健康的高效促进。     

Experimental and theoretical research in archery

The aim of this study was to introduce certain methods and research techniques and to present the results of experiments on parameters of archery equipment to optimize the interaction of the archer-bow-arrow system's elements. In order to achieve the research requirements, the following were devised: 1. A mathematical model of an arrow's movement during its interaction with a bow. 2. A mechanical model of an archer-bow-arrow system, which constitutes a device for mechanical loosing of an arrow from the bow strings (DMLA). 3. Three series of high-speed filming. The mathematical model and computer simulation were used to describe the arrow's movement for various initial conditions and various parameters of the equipment, based on which a nomogram was constructed of the optimum arrow parameters for bows of various draw forces. The device for the mechanical loosing of arrows from a bow was used to study the influence of selected parameters of the archer-bow-arrow system on the accuracy of shots. The film analysis was used to verify the mathematical and mechanical models constructed.     

Performing pull-ups with small climbing holds influences grip and biomechanical arm action

Pull-ups are often used by sport-climbers and other athletes to train their arm and back muscle capabilities. Sport-climbers use different types of holds to reinforce finger strength concomitantly. However, the effect of grip types on pull-up performance had not previously been investigated. A vertical force platform sensor measured the force exerted by climbers when performing pull-ups under six different grip conditions (gym-bar, large climbing hold, and four small climbing holds: 22mm, 18mm, 14mm, and 10mm). The electromyography of finger flexors and extensor muscles were recorded simultaneously. The maximal arm power and summed mechanical work were computed. The results revealed that the number of pull-ups, maximal power, and summed mechanical work decreased significantly with the size of the climbing hold used, even if no differences were found between a large climbing hold and a gym-bar. Electromyography of the forearm muscles revealed that the use of a climbing hold generated finger flexor fatigue and that the level of cocontraction was impacted by the different segment coordination strategies generated during the pull-ups. These findings are likely to be useful for quantifying training loads more accurately and designing training exercises and programs.