汉语重度听障儿童与其健听母亲语用交流行为之比较研究

在半结构语境中,通过采用国际上通用的儿童语言资料转换系统(CHIDES)、母子言语互动交流行为编码系统(INCA-A),以及CLAN数据分析程序对4-6岁汉语重度听障儿童与其健听母亲的语用交流行为进行比较研究,发现汉语重度听障儿童与其健听母亲的言语行为存在相互影响;汉语重度听障儿童与其健听母亲互动过程中形成了一套共同的主要言语行为类型,在言语倾向和言语变通水平上存在极其显著的差异。     

母亲在亲子阅读中的语言运用特点分析

本研究探讨的是母亲在与幼儿共同阅读图画故事书过程中的语言运用状况.研究发现,汉语儿童的母亲在亲子阅读中表现出与情境基本相适应的言语倾向,能够采用比较丰富的言语形式来激励儿童阅读.研究同时发现,母亲提问频率过高会对儿童的阅读产生消极影响,因此,适当控制母亲提问的数量和关注母亲提问的导向,是提升亲子阅读教育水平的可行措施.     

象似性手势在儿童早期词汇学习中的作用

象似性手势是指在形式和表达方式上与其所伴随的言语的语义内容密切相关的手势。儿童通常在18~24个月产生象似性手势,到3岁时能准确理解象似性手势的含义。象似性手势的产生和理解与儿童年龄呈正相关,且受文化等社会因素的影响较大。象似性手势能够揭示儿童的象征发展水平,解释并再现言语组织过程,补充言语中未表达的信息,促进多通道表征,提高词汇加工效率,因而有助于儿童的词汇理解、记忆和泛化。未来相关研究应进一步扩大象似性手势的研究对象,考察象似性手势与具身认知的关系及其对儿童词汇学习的多方面影响,这将有助于提高未来研究成果对教育实践的指导作用。     

母亲的教育背景对儿童量词使用的影响

量词是汉语中的一个重要词类.3～6岁儿童正处于词汇量增长的加速期,量词的运用可以使儿童的语言更加精细、具体和准确.帮助儿童正确地运用和习得更多的量词对其语言能力的发展意义重大.本研究对3～6岁儿童与母亲在半结构游戏对话情景中的量词使用情况进行考察,并进一步分析母亲的教育背景对儿童量词使用的影响.研究结果表明,儿童量词使用的丰富性和频次随年龄而增长;不同教育背景的母亲量词使用的丰富性和频次存在较大差异,进而影响其子女的量词掌握和运用水平.     

母亲受教育程度、亲职压力与幼儿词汇发展水平的关系

以149名学前儿童及其母亲为研究对象,采用家庭基本信息问卷、亲职压力量表和词汇测量工具考察母亲受教育程度、亲职压力与幼儿词汇发展水平之间的关系。结果发现:(1)母亲受教育程度与幼儿的接受性和表达性词汇发展水平呈显著正相关;母亲的亲职压力与幼儿的接受性和表达性词汇发展水平呈显著负相关。(2)母亲受教育程度和亲职压力能显著预测幼儿的接受性和表达性词汇发展水平。其中母亲受教育程度是正向预测因子,亲职压力是负向预测因子。(3)母亲的亲职压力中仅亲子互动失调维度能显著预测幼儿接受性和表达性词汇发展水平。     

高教育背景母亲阅读指导风格研究

本研究以高教育背景母亲（专科及专科以上）的阅读指导方式为切入点，运用“CHILDES”语言鳊码系统，主要从母亲“讲故事”的着重点、提问类型厦幼儿对问题的反应等角度，考察高教育背景母亲与幼儿共读过程中的指导风格与特征，结果发现：高教育背景母亲在亲子阅读中的提问一般超过单纯的文本讲述数量，甚至在讲述过程中全用提问方式；各个年龄段高教育背景母亲提出的特殊疑问句和是非疑问句比重较大，而较少使用选择疑问句；幼儿对母亲提问的回答率在各个年龄段相差不大，都呈现出较低的水平，表明母子阅读整体质量不高。为此，母亲应根据幼儿年龄特征与兴趣提问，而不要一味地向幼儿施加压力，并要灵活采取指导策略，以维持幼儿的阅读兴趣。     

智力落后儿童语用障碍研究综述

本文从言语行为、指称词语、合作原则、话轮转换四个方面,综述了以英语为母语的智力落后儿童的语用障碍研究,以便为研究汉语为母语的智力落后儿童语用障碍、促进智障儿童康复治疗提供有意义的借鉴。现有研究显示,智力落后儿童言语行为的表达能力比言语行为理解能力弱,指示词语的运用能力很差,在会话过程中更少引进新话题。     

广西学前儿童的国家通用语言词汇发展研究

推广普及国家通用语言文字是宪法和法律规定的责任,也是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的必然要求。通过对广西壮族自治区学前儿童的国家通用语言词汇能力发展的实证研究发现：少数民族聚居地区学前儿童国家通用语言词汇发展呈现良好的年龄发展态势,其中表达性词汇发展优于理解性词汇发展;母语为普通话的学前儿童词汇能力发展最优;城镇地区学前儿童词汇能力发展显著优于农村地区学前儿童;公办幼儿园的学前儿童及班级中师幼互动质量越高的学前儿童其词汇能力发展越好;父母受教育水平与学前儿童词汇能力发展显著正相关。因此,应加大对农村地区学前教育发展的支持力度,重视提升班级师幼互动质量,加强对母亲使用国家通用语言与儿童互动的指导,促进民族地区学前儿童国家通用语言词汇发展。     

母亲教育观念与儿童心理特征的相关研究

本研究着重于探索母亲教育观念与儿童心理特点之间的关系。通过问卷调查，作者发现，母亲教育观念主要包合儿童发展现、教育观与期望三个方面的内客。调查结果显示，母亲教育观念与儿童性别、年龄差异以及儿童心理特征，尤其是与气质特点有关的心理特点有显著相关。     

儿向言语及其对儿童英语教育的启示

儿向言语是指儿童的主要照顾者(一般为母亲)对儿童所使用的简化的语域,它是儿童语言习得初期最重要的输入形式。儿向言语在语音、词汇、句法等方面具有与成人间话语不同的特征;儿向言语还随着儿童语言和认知的发展调整复杂程度;成人文化水平及社会经济地位的差异导致他们的儿向言语产生差异进而影响儿童的语言发展。掌握儿向言语这些特征并能在课堂中灵活运用儿向言语对于提高英语教学质量起着至关重要的作用。     

Mothers’ negative emotional expression and preschoolers’ negative emotional regulation strategies in Beijing,China: The moderating effect of maternal educational attainment

The relationship between mothers’ negative emotional expression and preschoolers’ negative emotional regulation has been a topic of debate. Studies have confirmed the unique effect of maternal education on children's emotional regulation. Further understanding of the role of maternal educational attainment in the relationship between mothers’ emotional expression and children’s emotional regulation strategies will help us better explain the possible reasons for the differences in children's emotional regulation abilities. In this study, 503 Chinese mother-child dyads were recruited. The Chinese version of the Self-Expressiveness in the Family Questionnaire (SEFQ) was used to measure the mothers’ negative emotional expression, and the Emotional Regulatory Strategy Questionnaire (ERQ) was used to measure the children’s negative emotional regulation strategies. The results indicated that mothers’ negative emotional expression was positively related to children’s negative emotional regulation strategies. Moreover, maternal educational attainment moderated this relationship. The findings of the current study demonstrate the importance of mothers’ educational background, providing an important supplement to and extension of previous research on family emotions.     

Risk factors for child physical abuse and neglect among Chinese young mothers

Although studies have reported a linkage between young pregnancy and child maltreatment risk, it is still unclear about what factors place young mothers at greater risk of maltreating their child in Chinese context. Based on the socio-ecological model, risk factors in 4 domains: family background/structure, maternal stressors, mother-child interaction, and child behavioral issue in relation to physical assault, neglect, both physical assault and neglect, and either physical assault or neglect among Chinese young mothers in Hong Kong were assessed. 392 young mothers were recruited from an integrated supportive program for young mothers. The mean age of mothers at delivery was 21.8 (SD = 3.0) and 52.3% were married. Individual risk factors and cumulative risk domains related to different child maltreatment groups were examined. Our results show both overlapping and unique risk factors across the domains associated with physical assault and neglect. Further, young families exposed to higher number of risk domains show higher rates for physical assault and neglect, co-occurrence of physical assault and neglect, and either form of maltreatment. In addition, various risk domains were found to be particularly important for different forms of maltreatment: family background/structure domain was found to be an important risk domain for neglect; mother-child interaction domain for both physical assault and neglect; family background/structure and maternal stressors domains for either physical assault or neglect. Closer examination of a subgroup of adolescent mothers aged 18 and below shows that family background/structure was an important risk domain for this group.     

Some factors affecting mother-child relationships following low birthweight delivery in a Nigerian sociocultural environment

Twenty mothers with low birthweight babies, cared for in a neonatal unit and kept in incubators (as index group) and 20 mothers with full-term babies (as control group) were studied to determine the extent of maternal separation and deprivation following delivery and the effects of these on mother-child relationships. The population was prospectively sampled and an interview method using a structured questionnaire, was adopted to obtain the information for the study. The result showed a delayed post-partum contact, negative reactions and some delays in maternal attachment in mothers of premature infants. Nevertheless, some degree of adjustment in the mother-child relationship, as shown by some positive perceptions of the infants, took place 6 months after leaving hospital. Other social and cultural factors that may contribute to the negative reactions of the mothers to premature delivery are highlighted.     

Prevention of child abuse and neglect through early diagnosis of serious disturbances in the mother-child relationship in Italy

At the obstetrical clinic of Modena University and a family center of the same municipality during the first six months of 1980 a questionnaire based on "Risks of Child Abuse" by Kempe, Gray and others was administered to 33 expectant mothers during the third trimester of pregnancy, a few days after delivery, and a month and one-half after childbirth, for the purpose of examining the mother-child relationship. Two principal groups of "risk factors" which may lead to child abuse and neglect appeared: mothers with preceding personal and social experiences, and cases of medical intervention (e.g., prematurity, caesarean). Use of a questionnaire that permitted early diagnosis made possible help in establishing a good mother-child relationship in the first months of life. Such help can be given by the hospital and public centers both before and after birth.     

Mother-child interactional patterns in high-and low-risk mothers

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the extent to which mother-child interactional patterns in high-and low-risk (for child physical abuse) mothers were similar to patterns observed in physically abusive parents.Method: Ten high-risk and 10 demographically similar low-risk mother-child dyads were studied. Trained observers coded maternal-child interaction patterns in the home during five 1-hour periods using the Standardized Observation Codes system.Results: As expected, high-risk mothers made fewer neutral approaches to their children, displayed more negative behaviors toward their children, and made more indiscriminant responses to their children's prosocial behavior. Expected risk group differences were not found in the number of neutral instructions or positive responses, albeit the proportion of positive responses out of the total number of positive and negative responses was higher for low-risk mothers. After control for educational differences, risk group differences remained in the rates of neutral approaches and the number of indiscriminant behaviors made in response to children's prosocial behaviors.Conclusions: The observational data indicated that high-risk mothers display some behaviors similar to those observed in physically abusive mothers. The finding that high-risk mothers made more indiscriminate or noncontingent responses when reacting to their children's prosocial behavior is consistent with a coercive model of child physical abuse.     

Mothers' time with infant and time in employment as predictors of mother-child relationships and children's early development

This study tested predictions from economic and developmental theories that maternal time with an infant is important for mother-child relationships and children's development, using time-use diaries for mothers of 7- to 8-month-old infants from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care (N = 1,053). Employment reduced time with infants, but mothers compensated for some work time by decreasing time in other activities. With family and maternal characteristics controlled, time with infants predicted high Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scores and maternal sensitivity, but bore little relation to children's engagement with mothers, secure attachment, social behavior, or cognitive performance from 15 to 36 months. Mothers who spent more time at work had higher HOME scores. Maternal time with infants may reflect maternal characteristics that affect both time allocation and maternal behavior.     

Maternal Literacy Beliefs and the Quality of Mother-Child Book-reading Interactions: Assoications with Children's Early Literacy Development

This study examined the relation among mothers' literacy-related beliefs, the home literacy environment, the quality of mother-child book-reading interactions, and children's development of early literacy skills. The participants of this study were 60 mothers and their 4-year-old children. After controlling for mothers' educational attainment, mothers' literacy beliefs were positively related to the quality of home literacy environments and the instructional and affective quality of joint book-reading interactions. The quality of children's home literacy environments and mother-child joint book-reading interactions was related to children's development of early literacy skills. Findings are discussed in relation to the importance of understanding the connection between parents' literacy beliefs and behaviors in designing effective literacy interventions and creating school and family literacy connections.     

Maternal Working Models of Attachment, Marital Adjustment, and the Parent-Child Relationship

This study examined the connection between maternal working models, marital adjustment, and the parent-child relationship. Subjects were 45 mothers who were observed in problem-solving interactions with their 16–62-month-old children ( M = 33 months). Mothers also completed the Attachment Q-set, the Adult Attachment Interview, and a marital adjustment scale. As predicted, maternal working models were related to the quality of mother-child interactions and child security, and there was a significant relation between marital adjustment and child security. Maternal working models and marital adjustment were also associated interactively with child behavior and child security. Among children of insecure mothers, child security scores were higher when mothers reported high (vs. low) marital adjustment. No relation between child security scores and mothers' marital adjustment was found among children of secure mothers. These results suggest that maternal working models influence parenting and child adjustment well beyond infancy, to which period the few existing studies of adult attachment have been restricted. The results also suggest that interactions between maternal working models and the marital adjustment on child behavior and attachment security need to be more closely examined.     

Maternal Separation Anxiety: Its Developmental Course and Relation to Maternal Mental Health

Maternal separation anxiety is a construct that describes a mother's experience of worry, sadness, or guilt during short-term separations from her child. This investigation examined potential differences in psychological correlates between mothers with high and low levels of anxiety when their children were 8 months, 3 1/2 years, and 6 years of age. High levels of maternal separation anxiety had different psychological correlates contingent upon the age of the child. Depressive symptomatology and separation anxiety were unrelated at times 1 and 2, but when the children were 6 years old, mothers who had the highest levels of anxiety tended to have more depressive symptomatology, fewer coping skills, a more negative representation of self, and embraced more traditional sex-role values. Study findings are discussed with respect to their relevance to the mother's role as developmental partner to the child and linked to major theoretical perspectives that address the mother-child relationship.