Following the action in action learning: towards ethnomethodological studies of (critical) action learning

Action learning is a pedagogical practice that helps participants learn by talking about their workplace action with fellow participants (‘comrades in adversity’) in their action learning set. This paper raises questions about the action in action learning, such as: how do members of an action learning set learn from and through each other? How do they learn through their developing conversation and interaction?

To answer such questions, I argue that, ‘ethnomethodology’ (the study of ‘member's methods’ or ‘folk methods’ for doing any kind of practical action) is useful for showing the intricacy of the practical learning process in action learning, as in learning in action, more generally. The paper illustrates the conversational and interactional work of members doing things and learning together in action (for example discovering things in science and in board meetings); and argues that this approach may also be used to study action learning in practice.     

鲸鱼之音

1 　　"Leave him alone," I yelled as I walked out of the orphanage gate and saw several of the Spring Park School bullies pushing the deaf kid around.……     

"桐城谬种"考辨

新文化运动之后,"选学妖孽,桐城谬种"成了批判旧文学的口号,通过当时钱玄同和林纾、黄侃以及桐城派的关系,探究"桐城谬种"最初所指对象,当是林纾,后来在新文化运动中被扩大为指向整个桐域派.     

On Drawing a "Dividing Line"

Some comrades advocate drawing a line of distinction between "the sanctity of a teacher's right" [shidao zunyan] and "respecting the teacher and abiding by discipline" [zunshi shouji]. This is because, it is said, following the call to break away from "the sanctity of a teacher's right," the students "consider the teacher as being beneath their notice," and even go so far as to "willfully make trouble and make fun of the teachers." This is a very interesting subject, and I would like to offer some opinions.     

高职院校肉制品加工技术课程教学改革与实践

针对高职院校《肉制品加工技术》课程教学中存在的问题,结合课程特点,从教学内容、教学方法手段、实践教学和考核体系四方面进行了改革与实践.基于工作任务选择和组织教学内容,选用行动导向教学方法,采用“做中学、学中做”的实践教学模式和多元化的考核评价体系,是实现本课程教学目标的有效途径.     

任务型语言教学模式下任务的分析和设计

任务型教学是20世纪80年代兴起的一种强调“做中学”的语言教学模式。而其中的“做”指的就是“完成任务的过程”。那么到底什么是任务呢？是“传统教学法”中的语言练习吗？“任务”又和哪些因素息息相关呢？教师又应该怎样来设计这个所谓的“任务”呢？其实“任务”就是“做事情”,而这些事情可以说就是日常生活中所做事情的翻版。但是值得强调的是：这种任务指的是用“目的语”来做事情,在做事情当中习得语言,所以“任务”强调的是语言的意义,而不是语言的形式。     

职教视野中陶行知“教学做合一”思想的再认识

陶行知在杜威“从做中学”实用主义教育理论的基础上,经过两次认识上的飞跃,创造性地提出并充分论证了著名的“教学做合一”思想。“教学做合一”是陶行知生活教育理论的方法论,也是职业教育的根本方法。当前,在职业教育贯彻“教学做合一”的思想,一要在课程设置上遵循“按事施教”的原则,二要积极探索“工学结合”的教学模式。     

教学做合一：转识成智的一种路径

毋庸质疑,对每一个学习者而言,教学的真正目的应该是个人经由知识的掌握而达到自身智慧的养成,即"转识成智"。陶行知的"教学做合一"思想,强调"手脑结合"、理论和实践的统一,凸显了主体本位、能力本位、实践本位的教学思想。也正是在这个意义上,"教学做合一"的思想蕴涵了实现个人"转识成智"的一种必要路径。研究和借鉴陶行知的"教学做合一"思想,对我国当下的教育教学改革仍有着重要的理论和实践上的指导意义。     

The Unity of Teaching and Learning (1919)

Today people call those who teach in schools "teachers," and they call what they do "teaching," and they call the methods they use "teaching methods," as though teachers are people who do nothing but teach the students a little book learning. Apart from teaching, they seemingly have no other ability; apart from what is in books, they have nothing else to teach; and the students in this kind of school, apart from receiving instruction, have no other assignments. Teachers only concern themselves with teaching, and students only concern themselves with receiving instruction, as though the business of learning could be completely transacted by the act of teaching. If we are talking about names, such schools are of course "institutions of learning," but if we are discussing the reality, they are more like "institutions of teaching." This is because we have emphasized teaching too much. Without knowing it, we have caused teaching to become separated from learning, though learning and teaching really cannot be separated and should be united.     

湖州教育早期现代化探析——以南浔中学史料为个案的实态研究（1925-1937年）

南浔中学由南浔的一群爱国青年于1925年创办,其教育理念、教育体制及教育方法等各方面都很有代表性,虽受时局影响停停办办,但最终成为了地方有影响的一所综合性初级中学,为新中国培养了不少人才。南浔中学教育早期现代化,主要体现在教育的不断改革与创新,表现在两个“注重”：注重教、学、做合一;注重教育教学与社会生活、生产劳动、强身健体、自立自强结合,开办专门农场、施行“小学生制”、组织“童子军”等,可称之为早期素质教育的雏形。     

Children,Gender, and Language Teaching Materials

This subject was at first one of the topics selected for my assignment "Gender and Education." After the teacher told us in class about some of the gender problems that exist in teaching materials, a light seemingly lit up before our eyes: How was it that there were such problems in the language teaching materials that had commanded so much "respect"? We had never noticed or suspected such problems. At the time, the teacher did not say what direct effects these problems had on children, but examined teaching materials from the perspective of feminism supported by many theoretical backgrounds. Since I have always loved children, I like to listen to their voices, am highly interested in their ways of thinking, and am often curious about such things. On top of that, the qualitative (zhi xing) research methods I had once learned gave me confidence that I could convincingly present these interesting things; they were not absurd, and perhaps people could find value in them. Hence, I had a strong desire to know how children saw their language teaching materials. How far from or how close are the children to their textbooks? What do they see in them? Have the gender issues in the teaching materials come to the attention of children? How do these affect elementary school students? We wished to bring attention to the ways teaching materials affected children's gender concepts.     

Learning Science,Learning about Science,Doing Science: Different goals demand different learning methods

This opinion piece paper urges teachers and teacher educators to draw careful distinctions among four basic learning goals: learning science, learning about science, doing science and learning to address socio-scientific issues. In elaboration, the author urges that careful attention is paid to the selection of teaching/learning methods that recognize key differences in learning goals and criticizes the common assertion that ‘current wisdom advocates that students best learn science through an inquiry-oriented teaching approach' on the grounds that conflating the distinction between learning by inquiry and engaging in scientific inquiry is unhelpful in selecting appropriate teaching/learning approaches.     

A Preliminary Attempt to Practice Environmental Education in a High School Language Class

A fundamental attitude toward books is conveyed by the concepts of life education and the unity of teaching, learning, and doing. Life education indicates that we should use books relevant to our lives. The concept of united teaching, learning, and doing indicates that we should use books relevant to what we do. These two sentences are just two ways of saying the same thing. Our basic attitude toward books is that books are a kind of tool, a tool for life and a tool for "doing." Tools are for human use, as are books.     

Comrade Mao Tse-tung on Educational Work

The present rural policy of the Party is not one of Agrarian Revolution as during the ten years' civil war, but is a rural policy for the National United Front Against Japan. The whole Party should carry out the Central Committee's directives of July 7 and December 25, 1940, and the directives of the forthcoming Seventh National Congress. The following material is being published to help comrades find a method for studying problems. Many of our comrades still have a crude and careless style of work, do not seek to understand things thoroughly and may even be completely ignorant of conditions at the lower levels, and yet they are responsible for directing work. This is an extremely dangerous state of affairs. Without a really concrete knowledge of the actual conditions of the classes in Chinese society there can be no really good leadership.     

杜郎口教学模式的实践探索

杜郎口中学在近十年的实践探索中,形成了独特的杜郎口教学模式,即＂三三六＂自主学习模式。杜郎口教学模式的产生不是偶然的,而是有着深厚的理论基础。作为一种教改模式,它保持着其本土特色：自主学习,合作学习。在肯定其成就的同时,我们也应对这种教学模式进行必要的反思。     

14 Removing XU Mumin's "Patriotic" Mask

After I read "Zheng wen" [A Solicited Letter — selection 13, above] by Xu Mumin of Middle School No. 2 in Dezhou, Shandong, in the eighty-ninth biweekly "Writing Reform" feature in Guangming ribao, I groaned with indignation. I am not a researcher in writing reform, but I cannot suppress my anger, I must express it. First, I feel that the Party's policy of "Let a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools contend" has rightly opened up free discussion on scientific questions; it is also right that erroneous views made with good intentions should be published. But such insults and false accusations as Xu Mumin's cannot be tolerated. The title that he has chosen, "A Solicited Letter," appears to me to be a challenge to battle. His whole essay is composed of filth which brings false accusations of the worst kind against writing reform; this is not just fortuitous. He has issued a "summons to war" to writing reform, and we must be prepared to strike back with determination.     

浅析陶行知的生活教育理论及现实意义

陶行知生活教育理论的内涵极为丰富．概括起来包括三大基本思想：生活即教育、社会即学校、教学做合一。学习探讨陶行知的生活教育理论对于克服当前“应试教育”弊端,转变教育思想,改革教学方法,培养全面发展的创造性人才具有重要的现实意义及深远的理论影响。     

机械控制工程基础课程主动学习教学策略研究

针对机械控制工程基础课程特点,以知行结合、学以致用为教学目标,结合建构主义理论,认为建立问题导向的主动学习体系,有助于学生主动学习,实现知行结合,达到教育的目的。论述了问题导向主动学习的关键构成,提出了机械控制工程基础课程主动学习的教学策略。     

采集培养活体材料 训练强化综合能力

文章本着"知行统一,开发智力,培养能力"的教学原则和理念,设计和实施"教学做合一"型启发性、探究性、讨论性和开放式教学方案,在指导学生采集和培养草履虫、水螅的过程中,强化分析能力、激发创新能力、训练探究能力、提高操作能力的基本做法和经验。不仅为草履虫、水螅的观察提供了活体材料,而且能培养和提高学生的专业兴趣与综合能力,达到素质教育、全面教育、人才教育的目的。     

加强办公室作风建设 树立优质高效新形象

学校办公室是全校师生员工服务和联系外界的一道窗口,其工作作风直接关系着学校的整体形象。在办公室作风建设上,要紧紧围绕树立“团结、求实、奉献、高效”的新作风和“管理育人、服务育人”出成效来抓好。其做法是思想上通过开展职业首先教育,激发工作动力;行动上领导率先垂范,全员积极参与;措施上着力“三个建设”,培育“四种风气”。