Treatment Alternatives for University Students with Substance Use/Abuse Problems

The authors present the University of Florida treatment program which is the result of cooperative efforts by the Psychological and Vocational Counseling Center and the Alcohol and Drug Resource Center. This program includes outreach programs and a Student Assistance Program as well as individual and group treatment for ACOA and substance abusing students. Illustrative case material is presented. Some general principles drawn from the development of a university based substance abuse counseling program are presented as well. The importance of understanding the social context of a student substance abuse, psychological awareness, and the need for multidisciplinary cooperation in the treatment and prevention of student substance abuse are emphasized.     

Formative Evaluation Alternatives

Traditional formative evaluation methods and tools have a documented history of successful use. Expert, one-to-one, small group, and field-test methods have been used for decades. However, changes in design practice, technology, and lately, in theory, have resulted in alternative evaluation methods that are not as well-known in current design literature. These methods can be used to complement or replace traditional evaluation methods in a formative evaluation project. Some of these alternative methods use different groupings of experts or learners, while others use different evaluation questions or technologies. This article explains each of these formative evaluation alternatives and outlines their advantages, disadvantages, and applicable contexts.     

Alternatives to Social Promotion and Retention

Studies indicate that retention negatively impacts students’ behavior, attitude, and attendance, but it is still practiced in schools around the country. Social promotion undermines students’ futures when they fail to develop critical study and job-related skills; however, it too is still practiced in many schools throughout the United States. These practices are ruining public education as we know it, and unless we innovate and find alternative strategies to replace them, the US. K-12 education system will continue to underperform. This article posits that retention and social promotion are equally undesirable choices, and that schools can reduce the need for these either-or options by using alternative approaches. A review of the current literature and practice suggests promising alternatives to social promotion and retention. These alternatives focus on preventing the failure cycle that results in poor performance so that social promotion and retention can segue into an effective, high-performance methods of intervention.     

模数转换器的选用

文章介绍了几种常用ADc的工作原理，性能特点和应用场合。有利于读者更好地选择适合自己设计的模/数转换器。     

道德选择的价值判断与逻辑判断

价值判断在于区分和把握善与恶、美与丑，逻辑判断在于辩明真与假、是与非。道德选择中的价值判断与逻辑判断时常会发生矛盾，没有逻辑判断为前提和基础的道德选择会导致道德价值本身的否定，正确 的道德选择，应是价值判断与逻辑判断的一致，而要如此，就须是德性和智慧统一起来。     

Alternatives to rules for knowledge-based modelling

The technology of knowledge-based systems undoubtedly offers potential for educational modelling, yet its practical impact on today's school classrooms is very limited. To an extent this is because the tools presently used in schools are mostly rule-based expert system shells, which lack usability. We developed three alternative tools, using ideas from knowledge acquisition research, and compared their effectiveness to that of an established rule-based shell. Children working with the new tools produced higher quality models and developed more positive attitudes. We relate these findings to the forms of representation provided by the new tools and present evidence that modelling increases children's representational skill. We conclude that knowledge acquisition systems and alternative forms of representation can contribute to improved forms of knowledge-based modelling.     

Minority Populations and Traditional Counseling Programs: Some Alternatives

Racial and ethnic minority group members are now recognizing the need for relevant counseling services. Many counselor education programs, however, have not addressed this issue. While some counselor educators support the need for innovative counselor training programs for those who expect to work in pluralistic settings, others believe that traditional programs can meet the needs of all populations. This article describes why counselor training incorporating the needs of racial and ethnic minorities is needed and provides four models: (a) the separate course model; (b) the area of concentration model; (c) the interdisciplinary model; and (d) the integration model, which may be used in program development and implementation.     

Man-Machine Alternatives in Computer-Based Counselor Training Systems

Various orientations to the designing of computer-based counselor training systems are examined in terms of a variety of value orientations. Planning and developmental problems in system design, including computer-programming alternatives and man-machine relationships, are analyzed. Inferences from related research are presented.     

University Financing Alternatives: The German Example

Germany consists of sixteen federal states (Länder). According to the Basic Law, the Länder are responsible for education, science, and culture. The Länder support the institutions of higher education financially, making the largest contributions to university funding (90 percent). Following the formulation of the "Incentives and Accountability" leitmotiv, substantial changes have taken place over recent years in relation to the financing of higher education. A change of paradigm occurred that involved movement from detailed input-oriented state control to an output-oriented form of global control. Currently, almost all the Länder are working with highly flexible institutional budgets and with indicator-based allocations of funds. A new salary scheme for professors, based on performance criteria, has been introduced. In some Länder, contracts between state and universities--which describe the performances expected of the institutions-- have been concluded.     

氟利昂制冷剂替代品研究

甲烷系列氟利昂制冷剂将被禁用，已有的替代品存在不同的缺点，提出两种新的替代品，通过热力学模拟计算证明其可行性。     

Anarchist Ethics as a Foundation for Educational Alternatives

In this article, the distinctions between anarchism as a political philosophy are outlined and contrasted with that of liberal democratic theory upon which much of educational philosophy is based. The principles upon which the social anarchist position rests are briefly outlined with respect to the state, authority, and human beings’ way of interacting with and relating to one another. Next, some of the anarchist critiques of state-controlled schooling are considered. Following the discussion of traditional anarchism, largely rooted in late 19th and early 20th century European workers’ movements, some of the foundational principles of contemporary anarchism, beginning in the 1960s and continuing up through the present, are considered. Finally, the article conceptualizes what it might look like to utilize anarchist principles as an organizing framework for education and how these principles might be put into action in a real-world educational context.