美国大学学院联合会通识教育改革思想研究

近年来,美国大学学院联合会（简称AAC＆U）先后启动了＂更大期望＂、＂通识教育和美国的承诺＂等通识教育改革项目,并在项目推进过程中形成了自身对通识教育的独特理解,认为通识教育应是一种宽深兼容的实用性教育模式,应统摄包括应用学科和通识学科在内的全部学科领域,应为＂所有学生＂提供这种通识教育。在这些思想的指导下,AAC＆U呼吁大学应重塑本科教育目标,培养有目的的学习者,构建＂以学习为中心＂的大学,并确立了7条大学通向优秀的实践准则,以指导大学的通识教育改革实践。     

对体育综合实验室建设和发展的思路

通过调查面访法、Delphi法和文献资料法,从大学合并后实验室管理体制、规章制度、实验教学、实验仪器设备和实验室队伍建设等方面进行比较,研究结果表明:体育综合实验室的建设和发展得益于大学的合并,集美大学合并促进体育实验教学和科研水平的提高。文章还对进一步做好体育综合实验室建设和管理提出建议。     

Child maltreatment: social representation of the general population and the professionals working with children in the Caribbean area of Colombia

OBJECTIVE: The main objective was to know social representations about child maltreatment (severity, etiology, and intervention strategies) of the general population and the professionals working with children in the Caribbean area of Colombia. METHOD: Sample was composed for 402 participants. From this pool of participants, 111 of them were working in child protection, 95 worked with children but not in the child protection system and 196 pertained to the general population. All participants answered to a questionnaire composed by 86 items. The questionnaire was developed to assess (1) the perceived severity of different typologies of child abuse, (2) opinions about risk factors for child maltreatment and sexual abuse, and (3) opinions about the most adequate ways of intervention with perpetrator of child abuse. RESULTS: Sexual abuse is considered as the most severe typology of child maltreatment and emotional abuse is considered as more severe than physical abuse. No differences between groups were found in perceived severity of typologies of child maltreatment. Differences in the social representation about the etiology of child maltreatment were found. Professionals working in the child protection system give more value to characteristics of parents and to the socio-economic and familiar environment in the etiology of child maltreatment than participants from the general population. Prevention and treatment programs for abusers were considered as the more relevant strategies against child maltreatment. DISCUSSION: Findings of present study suggest that social representations about child maltreatment of general population and professionals from the Caribbean area of Colombia are similar than social representation observed in other regions and countries. It is important to take into account that child labor and child poverty were considered as non-severe typologies of child maltreatment. Moreover, findings suggest that people from general population in the Caribbean area of Colombia have a relevant knowledge about agencies working for child protection.     

Explaining the substantial inter-domain and over-time correlations in student achievement: the importance of stable student attributes

Multi-domain and longitudinal studies of student achievement routinely find moderate to strong correlations across achievement domains and even stronger within-domain correlations over time. The purpose of this study is to examine the sources of these patterns analysing student achievement in 5 domains across Years 3, 5 and 7. The analysis is of longitudinal population data of over 22,000 students and utilizes fixed-effects models to incorporate stable general and domain-specific latent factors. These latent factors correspond to a general cognitive-ability-like factor and specific aptitudes in particular, or types of, subject areas. The preferred model incorporates both general and domain-specific latent factors with stronger effects for the general factor, although the domain-specific factors are particularly strong for spelling and numeracy. When taking into account general and domain-specific latent factors, the effects of student’s socioeconomic status (SES) and school SES are trivial.     

PBL和非PBL毕业生的综合能力比较

有报道说低年资医生在综合能力上存在不足,本文比较了从PBL和非PBL学校毕业的学生关于综合能力的看法,结果表明PBL学校在多个能力上培训得更充分,但PBL和非PBL学校的毕业生在综合能力上都存在不足,在将来的大学医学教育中应加强这些能力的培训。     

A description model of the genesis of guidance and its application

Based on a review of literature, developments in guidance and counseling (further: guidance) in Dutch general secondary education are described with a three phase model, originating from an analysis of the developmental histories of guidance in the United States, Great-Britain, and West-Germany. This article begins with the clarification of the developmental model. Before this is applied to the Dutch situation, some basic information about secondary (general)eduction in the Netherlands is supplied. Besides offering an overview of developments, an attempt is made to assess some of the more recent characteristics and developments of guidance in Holland.     

The utility of general and school-specific personality traits and an examination of their relationship over time

A university student sample was used to compare school-specific (i.e., personality at school) and general personality (i.e., personality across all life domains) over eight weeks. School-specific and general personality incrementally predicted change in school-specific criteria (i.e., school satisfaction and school citizenship behaviors). Less consistent results were found for general criteria. Specifically, school-specific and general personality incrementally predicted change in general mental health, but failed to incrementally predict change in life satisfaction. In addition, we examined the school-specific–general personality relationship over time. Contrary to expectations, a unidirectional relationship was found in which school-specific personality predicted change in general personality, but general personality did not predict change in school-specific personality. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Examination standards and the limits of linking

There is a tendency in the literature to characterize linking as equating done somewhat less rigorously. The ambiguity of this conception can lead to confusion amongst policy‐makers and members of the public and can result in the proliferation of comparability myths. As the constructs assessed by two tests decrease in similarity, so the difference between equating and linking becomes one of kind rather than degree. To help make sense of linking in different contexts, a general model is proposed, based upon the idea of a ‘linking construct’. This general model is used to define the limits of linking and to clarify what users and stakeholders need to know about linking and linked scores. Finally, a distinction is drawn between judgemental linking as a method (e.g., social moderation) and judgemental linking as a theory (i.e., the value judgement theory of linking). The latter presents a challenge to the general model, which is defended.     

近代以来法国高等教育分化与重组的历史考察

近代以来法国高等教育系统分化为学科型、专业型和职业型三个子系统,分别承担学术型人才、工程师人才和技能型人才的培养任务,其中大学属于普通高等教育,大学校属于精英高等教育,大学职业学院属于大众高等教育,但由于在政策上至今未构建起统一的政策框架加以分类引导,因而一定程度上阻滞了法国高等教育大众化进程,并进而影响了法国高等教育结构的优化和地位的提升。     

阶差数列的几个性质及其应用

等差是等差数列最核心的本质特征.高阶等差数列(或称n阶差数列)是等差数列的普遍形式,一阶等差数列是n阶差数列当n=1时的特例.以往所见关于等差数列的讨论,大多围绕其一阶情况展开.有些常见的关于等差数列的定义也仅仅适用于一阶条件的假定,不能确切描述等差数列的高阶(二阶及以上)情况.本文研究高阶等差数列及其差分性质,以及在数列的通项公式和前项和的作用.     

On the basis of source: Impacts of individual differences on multiple-document integrated reading and writing tasks

Few studies have explored how general skills in both reading and writing influence performance on integrated, source-based writing. The goal of the present study was to consider the relative contributions of reading and writing ability on multiple-document integrative reading and writing tasks. Students in the U.S. (n = 94) completed two tasks in which they read text sets about a socioscientific issue, generated constructed responses while reading, and then composed integrated essays. They also completed individual difference measures (general knowledge, reading skill, reading strategy use) and wrote independent essays to assess their writing ability. Mixed effect models revealed that general knowledge and reading skills contributed to integrated essay performance, but that once general writing ability was entered into the model, it became the strongest predictor of integrated writing scores. These results suggest the need for deeper consideration of the role of writing skills in integrated reading and writing tasks.     

一般本科院校学生心理健康状况与应对方式关系研究——以福建师大福清分校为例

目的：以福建师大福清分校为例,探讨一般本科院校学生的应对方式对心理健康的影响,为了更好地对一般本科院校学生进行心理健康教育提供理论依据。方法：采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和应对方式问卷（CSQ）对福建师大福清分校的350名学生进行测试。结果：（1）323名一般本科院校学生心理健康总体平均分低于全国常模但差异并不显著,心理健康状况一般,强迫症状呈阳性。（2）男性心理健康水平高于女性,在焦虑、恐怖、精神病性这几个因子上差异显著;文科生的心理健康状况优于理科生;城市生源的心理健康状况优于农村生源;不同专业学生应对方式存在显著差异,个体更多的选择在解决问题、求助和幻想的应对方式。（3）大学生心理健康状况与应对方式间显著相关。结论：不同类型的应对方式对一般本科院校学生心理健康有着重要影响。     

体育锻炼对大学生一般自我效能感的影响:动机的中介效应

探讨体育锻炼对大学生一般自我效能感的影响,验证锻炼动机的中介效应和性别的调节效应。研究采用体育活动等级量表(PARS-3)、体育锻炼动机量表(MPAM-R)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)对1049名大学生(男579人,女470人)进行问卷调查。研究显示:体育锻炼、锻炼动机与一般自我效能感间两两显著正相关;回归分析表明体育锻炼对锻炼动机和一般自我效能感回归效应显著,并分别解释变异的1.3%和6.2%;锻炼动机在体育锻炼基础上对一般自我效能感回归效应显著,在体育锻炼解释一般自我效能感时具备部分中介效应,其效应占总效应值的14.1%;不同性别大学生在体育锻炼与一般自我效能感关系上存在差异。研究显示体育锻炼可以提升大学生的一般自我效能感,锻炼动机在其中起到了部分中介效应,性别在其中起到调节效应。     

工读学生心理防御特征及其与自尊水平的关系

目的:考察工读学生使用防御方式的特点,了解性别、学生类型、年龄和自尊对防御方式使用的影响。方法:使用防御方式问卷(DSQ)和自尊量表(SES)分别对78名工读学生和126名普通初中生进行测试。结果:(1)工读学生较普通生更多的使用投射、被动攻击、潜意显现、抱怨和退行五种不成熟的防御方式和伴无能之全能、隔离和消耗倾向三种中间型的防御方式,更少使用升华这种成熟型防御方式,工读生的掩饰性较低且自尊水平更低。(2)自尊水平对工读生不成熟的防御和普通生不成熟的防御都有显著的预测作用,性别对普通生成熟型防御方式有显著预测作用。结论:工读生防御方式的主要特点体现在他们对不成熟防御方式的使用程度显著高于普通学生,自尊水平是工读学生使用不成熟的防御方式的一个显著的预测源。     

Validity and reliability of the classroom participation questionnaire with deaf and hard of hearing students in public schools

The Classroom Participation Questionnaire (CPQ) was administered to 136 deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH) students attending general education classrooms in Grades 4-10. The CPQ is a student-rated measure that yields scores for Understanding Teachers, Understanding Students, Positive Affect, and Negative Affect. Validity and reliability of a long (28-item) and a short (16-item) form are reported. We provide evidence of (a) internal structure validity through an examination of the relationships between the subscales and an analysis of interitem reliability within each scale, (b) reliability over time by examining the scores of students over a 3-year period, and (c) external structure validity through an examination of the relationships of the CPQ with measures of teacher-rated academic competence and Stanford achievement scores. The results suggest that both the long and short form of the CPQ can be used to assess participation of D/HH students in general education classrooms.     

Communication apprehension and general anxiety in the prediction of public speaking anxiety

The communication apprehension (CA) construct is based on the assumption that information about a person's tendency to experience anxiety in communication situations provides unique information, beyond that provided by assessing that person's predisposition to experience anxiety in general, in predicting anxiety when forced to communicate. However, the validity of this assumption is uncertain. In the present study, the predictive power of the PRCA‐24 and a general anxiety measure was examined at three separate intervals during a semester long public speaking course. Results indicated that, at the outset, the PRCA‐24 and the general anxiety measure predicted anxiety experienced during public speaking with equal power. By the end of the semester, the PRCA‐24 was clearly superior to the general measure in predicting self‐reported performance anxiety.     

技术课程化演进及其对技术通识教育的启示

文章通过对技术课程化演进轨迹的历史回溯,系统地分析了STS课程的教育内涵及其实践价值,并对当前正在开展的技术通识教育提出了建议。基于STS教育的发展理念,技术通识教育应该走出技能应用教育或单纯技术素养教育的误区,着力加强技术课程与科学课程和人文课程的联结统整,突出技术通识教育的社会意义和人文价值。     

高职院校推行通识教育:目标、内容与实现途径

高职教育要实现培养具有可持续发展潜力的"职业人"的目标,必须将通识教育纳入其中。通过职业(专业)教育和通识教育的共同作用,使受教育者具备健康的体魄、健全的人格,扎实的职业技能基础,以及通观全局、灵活应变的综合素质。高职院校施行通识教育的基本着眼点应该是:常识的普及和文化氛围的营造。其实现途径是:通过课程、活动、环境的共同作用来完成一个完全意义上的"职业人"的塑造。     

Traumatic Brain Injuries and Special Education Services in the Schools

The purpose of this study is to replicate a study conducted by Hux, Marquardt, Skinner, and Bond (1999) in which the researchers explored the frequency of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in the special education population as compared to the frequency of TBI among students in general education. Hux and colleagues (1999) found that roughly one-quarter of their sample received evaluations for special education services at some point, and that almost half their sample had sustained at least one TBI. Similarly, the current study explored the frequency of TBI in both general education and special education groups in a kindergarten through twelfth grade school. Results indicated that the sample in the current study reported a lower incidence rate of TBI than the general population as well as that in the 1999 study by Hux and colleagues. Additionally, only one student in the current sample (5% of TBI group) reported a history of TBI along with receiving special education services. Discrepancies between the current study and the Hux and colleagues (1999) study are explored, and possible reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.     

大学教学与通识教育述论——美国萨吉诺州立大学通识课程设置的启示

通识课程的设置，顺应了现代高等教育发展的趋势。美国萨吉诺大学年轻而有活力，其通识课程结构体系涵盖了10个系列84门课程。在设置系统化、学分比重高、选修自由化等方面形成了鲜明的特点。该校通识课程设置的理念、特点和做法对我国高校通识课程建设颇有启示。