Expanding higher education: institutional responses in Australia from the post-war era to the 1970s

The history of universities in the twentieth century is, at least from the perspective of growth, a massive success. Australian higher education is no exception. Prior to the Second World War, Australia had six universities and approximately 10,500 students. Now there are in excess of one million students attending 39 institutions. In each phase of student expansion, governments have sought to make universities accessible to new segments of the community, a pattern that informs contemporary social inclusion initiatives. This paper focuses on two successive periods – the 1940s/1950s and the 1960s/1970s – during which university participation expanded. Comparing two universities which were at that time very different from one another – the University of Sydney and the University of New South Wales – I consider the ways both universities approached admissions to understand what each institution hoped to achieve in attracting students beyond the traditional elite. This helps move beyond government strategy and rhetoric to consider what universities believed was at stake as they enabled new students to enter their communities.     

作为符号象征的通识教育与国家精英大学体系的建构——欧美与中国的案例比较研究

通识教育在国家精英大学体系的建构中具有重要的符号象征意义。美国高等教育体系中,以通识教育为主的小型精英文理学院和作为一流研究型大学核心的文理学院是美国精英大学的象征性符号,是典型案例;法国高等专科学校建构国家精英大学身份的过程看上去最不需要通识教育的象征性资源,但实际上却存在明显的对后者的接纳与汲取,是最小可能的关键案例。而中国研究型大学是深受欧陆影响的以专业教育和专业院系为主导制度逻辑的精英大学体系,但改革者对于通识教育的基本认知与共同想象却是由美国通识教育与文理学院模式所塑造的,这一符号植入与专业逻辑之间的不断冲突与反复调试,成为中国研究型大学通识教育改革的独特面相。     

The Transformation of China’s Key Science and Technology Universities in the Move to Mass Higher Education of Community Youth in Relation to Career Guidance

China’s key science and technology universities are modelled on the French école Polytechnique. As such, they are utilitarian institutions, rooted in the concept of cultivating manpower for society’s economic progress, and tending to ignore the development of the individual. As China’s elite higher education system took in a rapidly increasing number of students in the recent massification process, China’s key science and technology universities underwent reform to become more comprehensive in curricular offerings and more research-oriented in function. The authors have uncovered an interesting phenomenon: Despite repeated discussion in academic circles, this transformation was never actually a conscious strategic choice for universities. Only when the Chinese government launched a program of higher education “massification” did universities develop their own unique reform strategies in a move to become more comprehensive and more research oriented. The authors have adopted a multi-stream analysis framework to describe and analyze three case study universities: University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), and Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (NWAFU). It was found that Chinese universities already have quite a high level of autonomy, but that the government still has the power to make strategic decisions. Each university’s decision-making mechanism has been an independent process within the constraints of the political economic structure over this period, and policy-making has combined top-down and bottom-up processes.     

Chinese Women's Culture: From Tradition to Modernization

At the National Conference on the Work of College and University Admissions convened in Zhengzhou in early March of this year, the State Education Commission proposed that, in order to deepen the reforms of college and university tuition requirements, college and university admissions, and job placement for college and university graduates, those colleges and universities that have a feasible plan of action may, with approval, carry out reform spot experimentations. It also proposed that those colleges and universities carrying out these spot experiments will, when admitting students this year, no longer lower the enrollment qualification scores for students who are paying their own tuition and students who are being entrusted for education by enterprises or government units; instead, all students admitted by these colleges and universities will be expected to remit a certain amount of tuition for their education. At the same time, the colleges and universities must, by setting up scholarships for superior students, special-item scholarships, and student loans, further deepen the reform of the system of job placement for graduates. This is what is meant by what is commonly referred to as the joining the tracks between "publicly funded students" and "self-funded students."     

解析法国高等教育改革趋向——综合大学迈向“自治”

自2009年1月1日法国20所大学开始按照2007年颁布的《大学自由与责任法》实行自治。本文通过分析法国大学自治传统的沿袭、《大学自由与责任法》的背景与内容,探求法国如何在教育全球化背景下重新定位政府与大学的权责,建立新的大学治理模式,进行大学自治与高等教育改革政策之间的博弈。     

绩效评价:美国提升高等教育质量的重要举措

面对全球高等教育竞争的日益加剧和美国高等教育质量下降的局面,美国政府采取了以绩效评价促进大学质量提升的改革措施,将大学生综合能力考查作为绩效评价的核心内容。为推动高等学校绩效评价的展开,美国政府确定了大学绩效评价的主要内容,扩展了大学绩效评价的社会功能,修订了高等学校质量认证的标准,并开发了多种考评系统等。我国高等学校评价应高度关注学生质量,全面收集学生信息,努力提供社会服务,以提升大学评价的社会应用价值。     

高校办学自主权变迁的实证再研究（三）——改革开放四十年来高校学术自主权的变迁指数分析

政府简政放权、校级层面的学术治理机构设置与完善以及校院两级管理改革是高校学术自主权改革的三个主要路径。在前期研究的基础上，以这三个改革为主要内容，重新对高校办学自主权具体指标进行拆解和结构化，通过综合指数研究的方法，试图揭示改革开放四十年来我国高校办学自主权的变迁特征。研究结果表明：第一，总体上，随着政府不断简政放权，高校通过学术治理机构完善和具体学术决策权向学术权力的让渡，获得了越来越多的学术自主权，学校内部也呈现出越来明显的学术本位特征；第二，在学术自主权的变迁路径上，沿着先外部自主权后内部自主权、先“如何提供”的生产决策后“提供什么”的战略决策规律演进；第三，不同类型和不同层次高校的学术自主权也呈现一定差异性，其中部属高校和拥有博士学位授予权高校在学术自主权的增长中贡献了更多力量。     

大学教学改革应重视对课程知识选择的研究

深化课程内容改革是大学人才培养这一本体性功能回归的内在要求;大学课程的质量和特色已成为国际化高等教育时代大学胜出的核心竞争力。在我国高等教育从精英教育向大众化的转变过程中,政府提高高等教育教学质量的政策取向、高校办学自主权进一步扩大等,为大学积极开展以课程内容改革为核心的校本研究提供了很好的制度平台。另外,加强对课程知识选择的研究有助于深化对教育学基本规律的认识。     

20世纪末以来韩国私立大学的重组改革

韩国高等教育规模的持续扩张引发了教育质量的下降,尤其是近年来随着适龄入学人口的下降,使主要经费来源依赖于学生学费的私立大学开始面临财政危机,它们不得不通过合并与兼并等重组的方式以增强生存能力.政府也通过立法或制定政策促使大学,尤其是私立大学进行重组改革,以提高其竞争优势.     

日本新一代大学启动——当前日本大学改革初探

日本继战后初期进行新制大学改革之后，时隔50余年，又拉开了新的大学统合序幕。进入21世纪，日本开始进行新型大学建设，这是继此前建设精英型大学、大众型大学之后，谋求建设个性闪耀型大学。研究日本21世纪新型大学改革的动态及特点，或许能为中国高等教育改革提供些许启发。     

日本国立大学法人化:脉络、主题与当代形态

日本国立大学法人化改革是日本国家行政改革的重要组成部分,其改革的诉求是希望能把大学从政府的管制中解放出来,赋予大学更多自主的权利,以与世界潮流趋势接轨,提升大学的学术地位与国家的竞争力。为了实现这个目标,日本国立大学进行了一系列法人化改革,改革后的大学管理、运营等体制发生了重大变化,对大学产学合作、学科发展、治理结构、学术研究等方面的发展产生了重要的影响。     

The transformation of China’s key science and technology universities in the move to mass higher education

China’s key science and technology universities are modelled on the French école Polytechnique. As such, they are utilitarian institutions, rooted in the concept of cultivating manpower for society’s economic progress, and tending to ignore the development of the individual. As China’s elite higher education system took in a rapidly increasing number of students in the recent massification process, China’s key science and technology universities underwent reform to become more comprehensive in curricular offerings and more research-oriented in function. The authors have uncovered an interesting phenomenon: Despite repeated discussion in academic circles, this transformation was never actually a conscious strategic choice for universities. Only when the Chinese government launched a program of higher education “massification” did universities develop their own unique reform strategies in a move to become more comprehensive and more research oriented. The authors have adopted a multi-stream analysis framework to describe and analyze three case study universities: University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), and Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (NWAFU). It was found that Chinese universities already have quite a high level of autonomy, but that the government still has the power to make strategic decisions. Each university’s decision-making mechanism has been an independent process within the constraints of the political economic structure over this period, and policy-making has combined top-down and bottom-up processes.     

高校学生党员先进性长效机制探索

随着我国改革开放的深入,当前大学生党员的思想状况出现易变、下滑的趋势,而处于社会转型期的大学生党员价值观有明显的多元化倾向,对大学生党员进行思想政治教育具有较大困难。保持高校大学生党员先进性,发挥学生党员的模范作用,带动大学生思想素质的提高具有重要意义。本文从当代大学生党员的思想特征入手,结合当前我国高校的现实及大学生党员的具体情况,探讨保持高校学生党员先进性的长效机制。     

构建大学、政府、社会和谐发展局面实现大学与地方双赢发展

大学与政府、社会的关系始终是高等教育改革的核心问题。知识经济时代,大学应该是民主自治的、政府应该是有限的、社会应该是开放的。临沂师范学院的超常规发展关键在于理顺了大学、政府、社会的关系,构建起了大学和政府、社会的和谐发展局面,实现了大学和地方的双赢发展。     

大学生思想政治教育工作的途径和方法

加强和改进大学生思想政治教育工作,是各高校长期面临的一项重要政治任务.随着改革开放的不断深入,经济结构、社会生活方式等都发生了复杂而深刻的变化,给大学生思想政治教育工作提出了诸多新的课题,这就要求我们必须结合当前新的形势,不断开创思想政治教育工作的新途径、新方法,切实把大学生思想政治教育工作提高到新水平.     

科学英才的机构迁移与大学竞争力的关系

文章以汤姆森高引用科学家数据库中2430名高被引科学家为样本,以上海交通大学ARWU排名为大学竞争力的依据,对科学英才的机构迁移与大学竞争力的关系进行分析发现:竞争力越强的大学汇集的科学英才数量越多;大学竞争力越强,从校外招聘的科学英才比例越低;且大学竞争力越强,科学英才留下来的可能性越大。同时针对中国研究型大学师资队伍建设中存在的问题提出如下建议:加强世界一流大学建设,优化人才引进的环境;注重研究生教育质量,提高自我培育高水平师资的能力。     

Are there distinctive clusters of higher and lower status universities in the UK?

In 1992 the binary divide between universities and polytechnics was dismantled to create a nominally unitary system of higher education for the UK. Just a year later, the first UK university league table was published, and the year after that saw the formation of the Russell Group of self-proclaimed ‘leading’ universities. This paper asks whether there are distinctive clusters of higher and lower status universities in the UK, and, in particular, whether the Russell Group institutions can be said to constitute a distinctive elite tier. Cluster analysis of publicly available data on the research activity, teaching quality, economic resources, academic selectivity, and socioeconomic student mix of UK universities demonstrates that the former binary divide persists with Old (pre-1992) universities characterised by higher levels of research activity, greater wealth, more academically successful and socioeconomically advantaged student intakes, but similar levels of teaching quality, compared to New (post-1992) institutions. Among the Old universities, Oxford and Cambridge emerge as an elite tier, whereas the remaining 22 Russell Group universities appear to be undifferentiated from the majority of other Old universities. A division among the New universities is also evident, with around a quarter of New universities forming a distinctive lower tier.     

Scientific Vocations in Crisis in France: explanatory social developments and mechanisms

This article examines why numbers have declined in French science universities. It shows that the main causes of this decline are the growth in student numbers between 1985 and 1995 and the changes that this brought about in the educational and social composition of the student population. Since the mid‐1990s, increasingly fewer French students have been enrolling for science subjects at university. Speaking of a ‘loss of interest in science among young people’ is nevertheless premature. The phenomenon is primarily due to socio‐demographic changes. As a result of their position in French higher education, universities, which do not operate a selective admission policy, are a last resort for students rejected by the selective options. Between 1985 and 1995, when student demographics grew apace, universities absorbed most of this growth. After 1995, the supply of selective training increased, while student demographics stagnated. As a result, university enrolments have declined, especially in the sciences. At the same time, holders of science baccalaureates have not been as top‐notch, educationally and socially, as they were fifteen years previously. These students from more modest backgrounds and performing less well in education are shying away from the sciences which are reputed to be more difficult and less ‘profitable’ than other subjects.     

大学与中小学的文化互动及共生

大学与中小学(U-S)文化互动的理想追求是共创共生。大学与中小学之间的关系经历了十分曲折的演变,终因有着共同的事业而走向共生。大学与中小学之间的文化共性在于:以育人为根本价值取向,在变革时代都有敢为人先之精神。从差异看,大学更类似共同体,而中小学更像社会组织。大学文化以知识创新和思想批判为基调,中小学文化则以实践为基调,大学与中小学的文化互动及共生,从本质上看就是文化的共同创造。     

Images of excellence: constructions of institutional prestige and reflections in the university choice process

Here, the narratives of a group of non‐traditional students who entered traditional UK universities are examined. A number of participants felt there was a kind of romance or exotic quality to the sights, sounds and smells of traditional institutions, which constituted part of the attraction. The process of becoming a student at an elite or traditional institution involved an oscillation between anxiety and ambition. Occasionally, students would become disillusioned with particular traditional universities, usually due to an act of rudeness—for example, a ‘snotty letter’ that deflected them. Yet their choices remained within the traditional sector. The participants subscribe to what Bourdieu called the ‘doxa’ or the largely unwritten rules of the overall game. The results confirm the recent interest in intra‐class differences and affirm the need to make sense of how individuals’ habituses can be transformed to accommodate the changes accompanying the move to university.