可持续发展教育背景下德国职前教师教育改革的新动向及启示

德国教师教育历史悠久,尤其在职前教师教育体系更是领先世界。近年来,在全世界推进“可持续发展教育”进程和国内教育改革的压力下,德国职前教师教育进行了一次重大改革。在德国联邦政府和教育部门的共同努力下,启动了一系列改革措施,如相关政策的有效引领,特色课程的设立,各联邦州不同的财政激励措施,大学国际伙伴关系的建立以及教师教育中心的鼎力支持等,为我国教师教育的改革和发展提供了启示。     

Teacher Development of Computer Use in Education in Germany

During the last 25 years efforts in the German educational system on different levels were made to introduce computers in schools. In parallel teacher training and consultation was established. Results from the international IEA-study Computers in education for lower secondary level in 1992, but also for upper secondary level in 1989 show that teachers attitudes to learn something about computer use are positive: The training need and their self-confidence to learn something about computers is relatively high. Support for teachers is mainly given by formal training. But the offers in teacher training are limited concerning the needs of teachers for different subjects. This situation is comparable with other countries in the world as documented in the additional publication of national case studies of the IEA. As a consequence a part of the teachers get their help through self-studies and private preparation of course material. In recent years the use of computers for networking and multimedia applications developed rapidly. The integration of these technologies into the subjects is another field demanding intensive efforts in teacher training. Different programs for the development of this field were established, but still offers for teacher training are insufficient. As a new perspective for educational change in this rapidly growing field a classroom-based teaching and learning approach in a collaborative network is proposed.     

Education for sustainable development in initial teacher training: issues for interdisciplinary collaboration

This article considers interdisciplinary approaches to education for sustainable development (ESD) in initial teacher training (ITT) partnerships in the light of recent national policy initiatives. In identifying challenges for interdisciplinary innovation, it brings to bear research evidence from three sources: questionnaires sent to ITT partnership schools; questionnaire surveys of geography and science graduate student teachers; and questionnaire surveys of their school mentors. Key findings are that: schools are not yet well developed as sites for student teacher learning in the domain; student teachers generally have greater understanding of sustainable development than their mentors; geography mentors perceive themselves to be better prepared for mentoring in this area than their science counterparts (who feel ill‐prepared); for both students and mentors, there are significant gaps in understanding of ESD compared with representations found in the literature. Some implications and possible ways forward for interdisciplinary ESD in teacher education partnerships are discussed.     

民族师范院校与民族教育师资培养刍议

民族师范院校是我国师范教育和民族教育的有机结合体,具有民族教育工作和师范教育工作的双重属性。民族师范院校发展历程表明,民族师范院校对民族教育师资培养具有明显优势,应该在改善办学条件、增强办学实力的前提下,明确办学定位,从而不断提炼办学特色以渐次提高办学质量。     

Teacher Education in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

Teacher education in Czechoslovakia is part of a unified national provision of education; this covers in‐service as well as pre‐service training. The basis is that of training at Higher education level followed by life‐long upgrading.

The Marxist‐Leninist view is that the quality of the teacher is central to the educational process. Consequently, the initial and in‐service training of the teacher are of paramount importance, and the Czechoslovak system aims at an integrated approach to the entire process. In this process, acquisition of ideological, as well as professional, maturity, is seen as essential. Equally, the teacher must master his chosen discipline (s) in the scientific sense.

Additionally, it is important that the teacher be able to participate actively in the community—in, for example, family education, health care and concern for the environment.

Against this background of goals, the author outlines the Czechoslovak institutional provision for initial training, conditions for enrolment and the process of obtaining a post, before providing an in‐depth examination of the country's provision of in‐service education. A final section emphasises the position of the teacher in society, and specifically in socialist society. The teacher is, quite simply, a key figure and teacher education has to be built around this fact.

Svatopluk S. Petrá?ek is Professor of Education and Director of the European Centre of the Charles University for Further Education of Teachers.     

基于"专业标准"的教师教育:澳大利亚的实践与启示

澳大利亚以＂教师专业标准＂为基础的教师教育实践,对我国教师教育具有重要的借鉴价值：建立和出台我国教师专业标准框架,为教师资格制度、教师培养与培训、教师管理与评价提供依据,奠定基础;研制中小学教师培养机构的资质标准和培养课程标准;建立教师培养的认证评估制度;对小学教师实行综合化培养;改革和完善我国教师资格证书制度;建立国家教师培训的指导性规范。     

德国职业教育质量保障体系的认识和启示

本文通过对德国职业教育质量保障体系、质量管理过程和方法以及师资培训方面的介绍,阐述了德国职业教育对我国高职教育的启示．     

关于高校民族预科班班主任工作的几点思考

班主任在民族预科教育中是一支重要的力量。本论述了班主任在预科教育中的作用，分析了班主任工作积极性不高的原因及对策，提出要重视对班主任的培训，加强班主任与任课教师的联系，采取特殊方法管理体育特招生的建议，以加快预科教育改革的步伐，提高预科的教学质量和管理水平。     

Australian Early Childhood Teacher Education: Developments and Concerns

The history of early childhood teacher education in Australia dates back to 1897 with the establishment of the Kindergarten Union Teachers' Training College in Sydney. Since the 1970's, small, specialized, private teachers' colleges in each state have emerged to become part of the national government system of Colleges of Advanced Education (CAE's). These institutions had as a primary goal to teach rather than to conduct research about teaching. CAE's have historically been primarily responsible for vocationally-oriented professional courses of study such as nursing, teaching, social welfare, media and communications, fine arts and health studies. It was in this CAE's system where students were prepared to be early childhood, elementary, and secondary teachers. These programs lead to a three-year Diploma of Teaching or a four-year Bachelor of Education. This approach was based on the Australian pattern of specialized teacher training which was generally provided immediately upon graduation from high school. Universities provided training in early childhood-related areas such as psychology, psychiatry, social work and medicine but did not include specialized early childhood teacher preparation per se (although they do provide secondary teacher preparation).     

日本教师育成标准述评

近年来,日本传统校本研修遭遇教师新老更迭加速之难题,且文部省评审师资课程加剧了大学的危机意识,加强教师培养与研修环节的合作成为教育委员会和大学的共识.在此背景下,中央倡导的教师育成标准迅速得到各地区和大学响应.该标准由各地自主开发、基于多方协商产生,立足区情规划教师成长过程、注重指导而规避评价.如何与其他教师政策保持协调、激发教师个性与活力、促进学校组织变革,决定着标准的应用前景.     

德国文理中学教师培养特色及启示

德国文理中学教师的培养分为三个阶段：第一个阶段是接受大学教师专业教育;第二个阶段是要完成为期两年的教育实习期服务;第三个阶段是入职后的继续教育。德国的师资培养非常重视教师实践能力的培养,对教师资格要求十分严格,必须要经过两次国家考试。此外,每年都会有大量的教师继续教育课程。     

Appointment and Induction of Teacher Trainers (Fachseminarleiter,Seminarleiter) for the ‘Second Phase’ (Referendariat) of Teacher Education in Berlin (West)

This article deals with the selection of teacher trainers in the FRG. The author describes the recruitment and selection processes and techniques to select heads of ‘general training seminars’ (Seminarleiter,) and of ‘subject orientated seminars’ (Fachseminarleiter). As a result of the deficits of these methods of selection and placement training courses for future head teachers and school inspectors have been introduced by the Ministry of Education of Berlin (West). These courses seem to be quite attractive to young teachers as a method of “indirect counselling and guidance”.     

近代西方师范教育制度的确立与发展

近代西方各国师范教育制度的确立经历了相似的发展历程,最初均设有专门的师资培训机构。随着社会的发展,师范教育培训的层次不断提升,由初等师范学校向中等师范教育乃至高等师范教育发展,由私立走向以公立为主,由只有男子师范教育走向男女师范教育机构并存的格局。培训的内容也逐渐扩展。     

多元文化视野中的教师教育

现代民族国家文化多样性的社会特征,使学校中的教师不可避免地面临着多元文化的教学情境,教师需要具备多元文化的相关知识,能够处理多元文化情境中出现的教育教学问题。多元文化教师,成为现代民族国家教师教育的理想。但是,我国少数民族师资培养中,忽视了多元文化教育理念培养,缺乏跨文化教育教学能力的专业训练。本文从多元文化视角出发,对多元文化教师所应具备的素养及其教育的方法与策略进行思考,以期对我国民族地区跨文化师资的形成提供有益的启迪。     

美国大学与中小学基于合作伙伴的教师教育改革

美国大学与中小学合作具有悠久的历史.美国大学与中小学基于合作伙伴的教师教育强调职前教师培养和在职教师的专业发展.合作伙伴的教师教育实践模式包括:西维吉尼亚大学的专业发展学校、南缅因州大学的学区合作伙伴、加利福尼亚大学的农村区域伙伴、马里兰州大学的教学合作伙伴.为了达成高水平的教师质量,美国不断探讨大学与中小学合作伙伴的影响因素,确保合作的有效性.     

基于教师专业化发展的高师院校教师教育培养方案的探究

教师专业化作为国际教师教育发展的趋势和潮流,它要求将教师教育过程融入到整个教育生活和学习生活过程之中,用教师的职业精神整合学科知能和教师专业知能,从而提高教师专业化水准。针对当前高师院校人才培养方案中存在的不足,我们提出了优化教师教育培养方案的基本思路和要求,在方案中体现了教师教育一体化理念,拓展了人才培养方案内涵,充实完善了实践课程体系,通过“模块化”设置课程,强化了学科特色和个性发展。     

A comparison of the influence of government policy on information and communications technology for teacher training in England and Northern Ireland

Abstract

This article examines the introduction of national standards and guidelines for the use of information and communications technology (ICT) in initial teacher training in England and Northern Ireland. The context for the increased focus on ICT in teacher education is described for each part of the United Kingdom (UK). Comparisons are drawn between the two areas of the UK to show how schools and teacher training institutions have attempted to meet the standards within each political context by examining the positive features of three case teacher training courses, two in England and one in Northern Ireland. From this, inferences are drawn about the level of intervention by Government and whether greater government control has reduced or increased the integration of ICT into the cycle of teaching and learning.     

Technology Training for Teacher Education in Jamaica

Abstract

The major challenges facing education systems in the information age include issues of how to prepare for and capitalize on the technological revolution and how to integrate computer technology into the curriculum. Jamaica, like most developing countries, is taking on these challenges with perhaps as much focus and increased importance as any developed country such as the United States. This paper explores the approach taken, particularly with teacher educators in Jamaican colleges, to begin the process by an assessment of the computer-related professional development needs of the college faculty. The paper makes recommendations for developing a technology training program based on the needs assessment. Underlying these issues is the necessity for a national policy to coordinate the country's efforts to integrate information technology into teacher education. Additional recommendations intended to provide guidance for the formulation of such an integrated policy development and implementation framework are offered.     

Engineering Education in West Germany in view of the Future European Market

The West German education system for engineers offers two routes of studies. Both lines form the engineering sector in higher education realised at ‘Universitäten’ and ‘Fachhochschulen’. These colleges confer the academic degree of ‘Diplom-Ingenieur’ (Dipl-Ing.), when the students have passed the prescribed examinations and the hurdle of writing a diploma-thesis. The contribution explains the distinctive features of training engineers in West Germany and draws conclusions for the procedure in the European Community.     

ICT teacher training: Evidence for multilevel evaluation from a national initiative

This paper is one of a pair that re-examines the evidence from a national initiative to train all teachers in England to bring them up to the level of newly qualified teachers, who are required to know when to use and when not to use information and communication technologies (ICT) in their professional practice. Reanalysis of data gathered for the 2004 evaluation uncovers the complexity of such professional development. The effectiveness of contrasting approaches to ICT-related teacher training was analysed using the national survey of 496 trainees and experts' reports on 11 of the 47 training providers. multilevel evaluation of professional development was shown to be robust for ICT teacher training, including a significant correlation between the views of experts and those of teachers. The presence of the middle level of 'organisational support and change' emerged as a particularly discriminating factor, indicating that higher-quality teacher training supports change in the classroom and in the school. Therefore, we recommend that all five of Guskey's levels be consistently adopted for the evaluation of ICT teacher training, and that research should also adopt a multilevel model. A second paper delves deeper to describe and contrast the highest and lowest-rated approaches to ICT teacher training.