Corruptness in Education

Chairman Mao teaches us that "sending the masses of cadres to do manual labor gives them an excellent opportunity to renew their study." In response to Chairman Mao's great call, vast numbers of cadres throughout the country are now renewing their study either by being sent down to do manual labor or by taking part in collective productive labor while still holding office. It is our wish that all these cadres will write about their understanding of study renewal so that they can exchange experiences and promote the revolutionization of their ideology. The following three articles were written by a cadre in a "May 7" cadre school, a cadre who has settled down in a brigade, and an administrative cadre who persists in taking part in collective productive labor.     

How Should "May 7" Cadre Schools Give Prominence to Proletarian Politics?

In response to our great leader Chairman Mao's call to "send the masses of cadres to do manual labor," we left the city and our offices to enter the "May 7" Labor School in January this year. For more than seven months, we abided by Chairman Mao's brilliant "May 7 Directive" and persisted in giving prominence to proletarian politics in productive labor. We perseveringly put production under the command of politics and enhanced the revolutionization of the students' ideology. From practice, we are deeply convinced that in order to run "May 7" cadre schools well, we must adhere to the basic direction of giving prominence to proletarian politics. Only in this way can we guarantee that the cadre school will march triumphantly along the road of the "May 7 Directive" without losing its bearings in fog or storm.     

In The Struggle Maintain the Correct Orientation of MAY 7 Cadre Schools [Excerpt]: An Investigation of the May 7 Cadre School Run by Central Committee of the CCP

Seven years ago, in the brilliant illumination of Chairman Mao's "May 7 Directive," this new socialist thing known as the May 7 cadre school came into being. Chairman Mao issued a great call: "Sending the masses of cadres to do manual labor gives them an excellent opportunity to renew their study; it should be done by all cadres except those who are too old, weak, ill or disabled. Working cadres should also go group by group to do manual labor." Chairman Mao's "May 7 Directive" and his injunction to "send the masses of cadres to do manual labor" are of great significance in opposing and preventing revisionism and consolidating the dictatorship of the proletariat, and they have clearly pointed the direction that May 7 cadre schools should take. While people everywhere are engaged in studying the theory of proletarian dictatorship and investigating how to run May 7 cadre schools better, we would like to introduce a well-run May 7 cadre school to everyone: the May 7 cadre school of the CCP Central Committee office.     

The Beida Reform Follows the Example of "Peach Pickers" but Should Spend More Time "Planting Peach Trees"

Recently, air force students at the "May 7" Cadre School in Shenyang held a discussion meeting. With personal experience, they praised the wiseness and correctness of Chairman Mao's great directive to "send the masses of cadres to do manual labor." They talked at length of their experiences in seizing the "excellent opportunity" to temper themselves through labor and further raised their self-motivation for revolutionizing their ideology by "renewing study."     

A Primary School Run by the People Under the Control of the Poor and Lower-Middle Peasants

In our No. 3 issue this year, we introduced the experience in the development of revolutionary education at Suiyuan Commune in Yingkow County. Now we introduce to our readers the experience of a primary school run by the people established by the Sung-shu Production Brigade of the Chien-yi Commune of the county. Here is a comparison: it shows how a "regular" primary school supported by the state was controlled by the bourgeoisie, and how a primary school run by the poor and the lower-middle peasants of a production brigade on the basis of Chairman Mao's instructions has been warmly welcomed by the poor and lower-middle peasants. This school discarded all the old rules and traditions in order to thoroughly serve the poor and lower-middle peasants. Now there is no age limit for admission; youngsters may start school in any season; they may come late and leave early. Students whose parents have too much to do and have no way to take care of the smaller children, may bring their brothers and sisters to the school. In addition, this school has established four teaching centers for the eight production teams. Teachers of this school do manual labor to support their school, and in the last four years the school has not charged the students one cent of tuition. The poor and lower-middle peasants say: "With such a school and such teachers, our younger generation will not change its color."     

完善我国劳务派遣制度的思考

由于我国正处在社会主义初级阶段,劳动关系相对来说比较复杂。我国颁行的《劳动合同法》虽然在一定程度上填补了我国有关“劳务派遣”的立法空白,也进一步规范了我国的劳务派遣市场,但相关纠纷还是时有发生。完善我国相关法律法规、拓展派遣机构服务职能、加强对劳务派遣工作的监管等是解决问题的关键。     

Restore and Develop Agricultural Middle Schools (1979)

… Since the downfall of the Gang of Four, the cause of rural education in China has undergone profound change and great development. Yet the enterprise is still seriously inappropriate given the pressing demands of agricultural modernization and the peasantry's actual needs. The key to solving this contradiction is to restore and develop agricultural secondary schools. Agricultural secondary schools are a new type of school combining education and productive labor, created under the conditions of socialism in China by the broad masses of peasants themselves in their struggles against ignorance and backwardness. These schools implement a part-agriculture, part-study system whereby their students acquire book learning while engaging in productive labor—a system that lightens the burden on the state, on the collective, and on the students' families, and is therefore beneficial to the state, the collective, and the individual. Actual practice has demonstrated that doing a proper job of running agricultural secondary schools is an important means for the rural areas to achieve greater, faster, better, and more economical results in producing trained personnel. Our respected and beloved Premier Zhou Enlai pointed out in his "Report on the Work of the Government," delivered at the Third National People's Congress, that "these new type of schools are able to turn out universally developed, new-type people who are both capable of doing physical labor and equipped with culture and technology, and thus create the conditions for gradually eliminating the disparity between mental and manual labor." Hence, the National Work Conference on Education held last year confirmed the guiding principle of developing agricultural secondary schools in the rural areas, and Comrade Deng Xiaoping emphasized in his speech that the proportion of agricultural secondary schools should be increased.     

加强护理专业学生的体能素质教育

目的：护理临床工作时间长、节奏快、强度大,护理专业学生如果没有较好的体能素质,就无法胜任临床护理工作。方法：每天坚持1小时体育锻练及体力劳动等活动,增强体能素质;在校期间加强劳动意识教育使护理专业学生适应高强度的临床护理工作。结果：训练后学生的体能素质有明显提高。结论：加强护理专业学生的劳动意识教育。具有积极的现实意义。     

“斯密教条”与社会劳动价值论的终结

"斯密教条"的性质在我国素为定论,而钱伯海通过"重新研究",认定"斯密教条"是一个"很为精湛的见解和发现",马克思对其批判有误。他得出结论:从社会看是活劳动创造价值,从企业看是物化劳动创造价值,从而物活劳动共同创造价值。并在此基础上提出了他自己的社会劳动价值论。由于斯密教条与国民经济核算的基础理论密切相关,因而一度引发激烈争论。由于论战双方对于马克思批判"斯密教条"的要点都未能尽义,因而本文力图阐明问题的实质,并指出钱伯海理论的根本性错误。     

Border Region Government Directive on Promoting the Study of Model Schools and on Experimentation with Popular-Management Primary Schools (April 18, 1944)

Past primary education in the Border Region, compared with the situation before the revolution, has shown very great progress; but it still retains several shortcomings left over from the old style of education, especially in that educational policies are still not suited to the needs of society and the masses in the Border Region. First of all, in terms of its content, the new education does not make use of the experiences and problems in the actual lives of the Border Region population. On the contrary, its content is a complex curriculum not relevant to the urgent needs of the villages. As a result, students are cut off from production and alienated from their families; when students return to their homes they are unable to "look after the homestead." After graduating from primary school they look down on manual labor and are unwilling to serve the peasants. Female students entering the primary schools become estranged from their families, clamor for divorce, and create other problems. These influences hinder the development of production among the masses, destroy family relationships, and are contradictory to the present need for building up production in the Border Region. Because of this, the populace in a large number of areas is unwilling to send its children to school, thus putting severe limitations on the projects to achieve universal education and to eliminate illiteracy. Since undergoing rectification last year, the government and cadres at various levels have gradually come to realize these facts. In different areas, the policy and content of education have begun to be newly transformed. For example, the Sui-te Subregion has put forward a policy of "uniting labor units, social organizations, government, and families with the schools" and has, moreover, already begun to move in the direction of reform. In other areas, since last fall, certain schools have begun to focus on combining the content of education with production and family life. For example, the Yenan City Complete Primary School, beginning in the latter half of last year, has added, above the fourth grade level, instruction in accounting, letter-writing, map-making, contract-writing, and abacus; it has in addition begun advising the students to pay attention both to their studies and to manual labor; students are encouraged to return home and help with household work. Students are taught to understand manners and to respect their parents; during New Year's, they participated in the yang-ko drama and joined in anti-epidemic propaganda work; all this was a first step forward, and it earned the support of the masses. This spring, therefore, a great many among the masses in Yenan City changed their earlier attitudes toward the schools and sent their children to register. As a further example, at the most recent combined teachers' meeting in Yenan district the policy of "combining production with education" was put forth. The Fu-hsien [Shensi] First Complete Primary School and the Tzu-ch'ang First Complete Primary School specified definite responsibilities for production, bringing about a combination of education and production; similar developments have taken place elsewhere. All this makes it very clear that primary education in the Border Region is already moving in a new direction, and this development makes us very happy. In this we have further proof that if only we think of the masses, plan for the masses, and adapt to the needs of the masses our schools will be run well and the people will certainly welcome them. Naturally, as of today this transformation has not yet become widespread, but has merely started.     

基于B/S网上考试报名系统的设计与实现

等级考试报名系统是高校数字化校园建设的重要组成部分之一,等级考试报名系统大大减少了考务管理过程中的手工劳动。本文从实用的角度出发,对等级考试报名系统的功能及流程进行了设计与实现,并作出了相应的评价。     

Stereotype threat in manual labor settings for African American and Caucasian participants

Stereotype threat has primarily been studied with regard to test performance in academic settings, testing aptitude, ability, and intelligence, and it has been found to cause both behavioral and cognitive decrements. Although there is research on stereotype threat in the workplace, this too is usually conducted in upper‐level or more academically based job tasks. This article concentrates on how stereotype threat affects those in manual labor workplace settings. This research, however, sought to test subjects on a behavioral task in a workplace setting to see if the results mirror those in academia. Stereotype threat in academic settings has been shown to cause both behavioral and cognitive decrements. It was theorized that stereotype threat would cause performance decrements for the African American participants. Participants were undergraduate students—60 Caucasian and 60 African American. All performed two manual labor tasks, sorting and assembling nuts and bolts, and a math test, half while under stereotype threat and half without stereotype threat manipulation. Results yielded significant differences between the two conditions for African Americans on both the academic and nonacademic/manual labor tasks.     

在新课改中如何发展劳技教育

在课改中发挥我市劳技教育优势,为劳技教师搭起施展才华的舞台,使我市劳技教育活动内容更加丰富多彩。     

时代挑战与未来路向:劳动教育的当代诠释与实践

受传统考试文化、现代消费享乐文化的影响与侵蚀,劳动及其教育观念萎缩的趋势不减,而科技的发展又进一步解放和控制了人的身体,加剧了这种趋势与危机。这些问题的重要认识论根源是身心二元论,劳心者高于劳力者,且认为心的发展与身体无关。其实割裂的机械劳动训练与精神德育灌输,既违背儿童身心发展特征,又逆时代发展。未来,以纯粹体力劳动为生的职业将不复存在,但劳动并不会也不应该消失,它不仅是人类大脑和智力发展的基础活动,而且是学习和创造的重要方式,还将是人们生活和娱乐的一部分。因此,劳动教育也应该回归身心融合的本源,发展面向未来美好生活的具有创造性、娱乐性和综合性的劳动学习,开发适应时代发展和学生兴趣的创生性和融合性劳动课程,让学生的身体、心智与情感等"整全的人"参与到劳动学习与创造中,进而实现劳动意识与习惯以及相关知能意情的全面发展。     

俞平伯的“干校之诗”与“诗中干校”

1969年11月至1971年1月,著名红学家俞平伯被下放到河南信阳"五七干校""劳动改造"。期间,困顿辛劳中的俞老先生写下了38首古体诗。作为特殊历史时期的"见证文学",这些诗歌是特定时空诗人心灵世界的诗意呈现,充分彰显了他"自爱、平和、前进、闲适"的生命哲学,也是"文革"时期豫南农村社会生活和民俗风情的审美观照,于患难中更见人性的真醇与美好,具有独特的文化意蕴和历史价值。     

第三产业的发展与劳动价值论

第三产业在我国国民经济中的比重越来越大,其从业人员已成为社会中一支不可忽视的力量,他们的劳动究竟能否创造价值,是近年来劳动价值论研究中的热点问题之一。在新的历史条件下,坚持“活劳动是价值的唯一源泉”的前提,深化对使用价值、价值、生产性劳动等基本范畴的认识,对第三产业的劳动进行具体分析。对于促进我国国民经济的健康协调发展有着重大的理论和实践意义。     

劳动技术教育理论与实践的探索

如何培养学生的实践能力和创新精神是基础教育的一项重要任务 ,劳动技术教育的研究和实践证明 :劳动技术教育是培养学生的实践能力和创新精神的有效途径     

宪法解释乎？——评《关于〈中华人民共和国物权法（草案）〉的说明》的宪政意义

在第十届全国人民代表大会第五次会议上的〈关于（中华人民共和国物权法（草案）〉的说明》的报告,对《物权法（草案）》争议所涉及的宪法第六条、第十二条和第十五条进行了体系解释,协调了他们之间的关系,明确了宪法中社会主义概念的经济部分的内涵,确立了平等保护和优先保护共存的混合保护方式,使得从去年开始的关于《物权法（草案）》违宪的争论尘埃落定。《说明》属于宪法解释的范畴,并且具有这样的宪政意义：一是发现我国宪法解释存在的痕迹,为我国解释制度的启动提供一定参考;二是《说明》的出台事实上形成一次宪法变迁。     

Study orchestration and learning outcome: evidence of association over time among disadvantaged students

This study explores, for the first time, the study orchestrations of (mostly Black) engineering students who enter an academic support programme in their first year at university at an educational disadvantage by virtue of their exposure to an inferior, racially determined school education.The empirical manifestation, and the stability over time, of their study orchestrations is described, and the association between their study orchestrations and learning outcome is investigated.It is concluded that the manifestation of individual study orchestrations of these particular educationally disadvantaged engineering students, as well as the association between their study orchestrations and their learning outcomes, is essentially similar to that of other students; academic success is associated with theoretically desirable study orchestrations - particularly when these are manifested early on in the programme since they remain essentially stable over time. Where changes do occur over time they are generally of a theoretically desirable nature and, to a lesser extent, where theoretically undesirable changes occur they appear to be associated with a decline in academic achievement.The implications of these conclusions for academic support programmes and for future research are discussed in so far as they impinge on admissions procedures, the identification of potentially at risk students early on in the academic year and explicit provisions of intervention mechanisms to assist such students.     

和谐社会与农民工社会保障制度的构建——以泉州农民工社会保障状况为例

农民工社会保障制度的缺失已成为我国经济社会转型时期的不和谐现实。构建社会主义和谐社会,离不开健全、完备的农民工社会保障制度。通过政策和制度保证、采取多种渠道恢复农民工的平等待遇、维护农民工的合法权益等多种途径以加强农民工社会保障建设,才能构建全体人民各尽其能、各得其所而又和谐相处的和谐社会。