The Chinese National Association for the Advancement of Education Statement on Rural Reform

The rural educational policy of this society is to make village schools the heart of reform and village teachers its spirit. We believe that the central school is a product of actual village life and that the Chinese normal school is a product of the rural central school. The purpose of rural normal education is to turn out teachers who have agricultural skills, a scientific mind, and the will to reform society. These teachers must use the least amount of money to run the best possible schools in order to nurture the peasants' strength for life. We deeply believe they can rely on the principle of the unity of teaching, study, and work to give students the ability to conquer nature and reform society. However, to realize this education on a large scale, we must have experimentation, study, investigation, extension, talented leadership, organization, planning, capital, and a tenacious spirit to assure success. Our society has a broad scope of activity but, from now on, our primary responsibility is to serve our 340 million peasants through a forceful policy of rural educational reform. We are already committed to raise one million yuan and amass one million comrades to promote one million schools and reform one million villages.     

Teacher Salaries and the Shortage of High-Quality Teachers in China’s Rural Primary and Secondary Schools

Abstract

Teacher salary level and structure are not only important factors affecting the supply of primary and secondary school teachers, but they are also crucial to attracting, training, and retaining high-quality teachers, thereby impacting the overall quality of education and teaching in schools. The reform of China’s basic education management system has ensured the fiscal security and steady increase of rural primary and secondary school teacher salaries and has effectively improved the supply and quality of rural teachers. The objective gap between urban and rural teacher salaries and benefits has, however, led to the one-way mobility of rural teachers, resulting in the loss of quality teachers and giving rise to a structural shortage in rural schools. To improve the supply and quality of teachers in rural areas, it is necessary to effectively and systemically increase rural teachers’ basic salaries and subsidies according to the law. There is the necessity through various channels to raise primary and secondary school teachers’ salaries and benefits, especially subsidy and allowance standards, to eliminate actual variances in teacher salaries.     

Urban teachers’ perceptions of inclusion of migrant children in the Chinese educational institution: a comparative study

Recently China has been undergoing an unprecedented urbanisation process which has resulted in millions of rural families living in urban areas. As part of a study of Chinese migrant children's educational experiences, surveys and interviews were conducted with primary school teachers in a metropolitan city in East China. The objectives of this study were to describe teachers’ perceptions of migrant children's education in both migrant schools and in public schools, and to investigate differences in their beliefs between school types. Results found that urban teachers’ perceptions of educational inclusion of migrant students were slightly negative in general. However, teachers in public schools showed significantly more positive attitudes to inclusion of migrant students than migrant school teachers. In the light of these findings, the paper concludes with implications for practice and policy for education of migrant children in China.     

This Commune has Carried Out the Popularization of Education

Chu-hsing Commune in Chin-shan hsien is located in a distant suburb of Shanghai. Before liberation, this was an out-of-the-way locality where culture and education were unusually backward. After liberation, although several primary schools were set up, there were still over 1,700 children of poor and lower-middle peasants in the whole commune to whom schooling was not made available because of the influence of the revisionist line in education. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution caused profound changes in the appearance of this commune. Under the guidance of chairman Mao's proletarian education line, the 18 production brigades in the whole commune all have schools, and every team is setting up primary school auxiliary junior middle school classes. All children of school age and young adults have entered school, popularizing the eight-year system of education.     

Editor's Introduction

Resolutely carrying out Chairman Mao's instructions on the proletarian revolution in education, the poor and lower-middle peasants of the Layaotzu, Sungshukou, and Waisantaokou production brigades of the Aihui people's commune in Aihui County (Heilungkiang Province) entered the schools in November last year, seizing back the power in education in rural areas and smashing complete domination of the schools by bourgeois intellectuals. The poor and lower-middle peasants are masters of culture; they have become the main force in the proletarian revolution in education in the rural areas. They have carried out the recent instruction issued by our great leader Chairman Mao: "In the countryside, schools and colleges should be managed by the poor and lower-middle peasants - the most reliable ally of the working class."     

乌鲁木齐市米东新区一体化中小学体育现状及对策研究

文章采用问卷调查、实地考察、访谈、文献研究等方法对新疆乌昌一体化先期合并的米东新区具有代表性的7所中小学校进行调研,结果表明：多数中小学校体育教学管理、实施新课标、大课间管理较为规范,特别是城区学校场地器材经费、师资培训比合并前有较大发展,但是在体育竞赛、体育教师科学研究与培训方面还较为滞后。建议：迅速加大农村学校的体育投入,重视农村学校体育工作,促使农村学校与城镇学校同步发展。     

小学科学教育教学现状及对策

通过对四川部分小学的走访,发现当前小学科学教育教学存在的问题主要有：小学科学教师素养不高,科学师资缺乏;教学设备不足,科学课程资源匮乏;现行小学科学教材无法满足城乡不同需求;大班教学,难以保证教学质量;小学科学教师对新课程的理解与执行不相适应。针对存在的问题提出相应的对策,主要是：加大对科学教育经费的投入力度,提高科学教育教学质量;加大科学教师培训力度,尽快适应新课程改革;小学科学教师应着力提高自身科学素养,以适应新课程需要;编写适宜的地方小学科学教材,以满足城乡不同需求;营造良好的社会环境,齐抓共管,提高小学科学教育教学质量。     

乡村学校“一专多能”教师的培养路径研究

乡村教师专业水平直接关系着乡村学校教育质量,乡村学校应注重“1+1”教师培养模式的应用,培养更多的“一专多能”教师,满足学校教育发展要求。文章简述乡村学校培养“一专多能”教师的意义,探讨乡村学校“一专多能”教师培养途径:高度重视,认真部署;制定措施,严抓落实;确定方法,多措并举;注重跟踪,落实考核。     

Run Spare-Time Education Well According to Chairman Mao's Directive

The following article presents a typical experience in upholding and developing rural spare-time education in accordance with Chairman Mao's proletarian educational line over the past decade and more. Persisting in the correct direction of making politics lead culture, they used a variety of forms of running schools that are suited to the peasants, compiling teaching materials fitting in with local affairs, training teachers, and solving many important problems besetting the development of the rural spare-time education. Five texts of teaching material on local affairs are selected and appended to this article for reference purposes.     

Head Teachers' Perspectives on School Drop-Out in Secondary Schools in Rural Punjab,Pakistan

This study investigates head teachers' perspectives of the school dropout problem at public secondary schools in rural Punjab, Pakistan. The study is based on qualitative methods and included interviews to collect primary data. Sixteen districts of the Punjab where secondary school dropout rate is above 20% were purposively selected for the study. The findings indicate that—other than some socioeconomic and individual factors—different exam patterns at primary, elementary, and secondary levels; easy promotion policy in early classes; English medium syllabus; substandard educational background of students; high failure rate in class 9; and top-down pressures on teachers to perform nonacademic duties are major causes of children dropping out from school. The findings of the study suggest that only through implementation of a socio-culturally compatible syllabus—a corresponding examination system for all levels—allowing students to repeat class 9 in case they fail, setting teachers free from nonteaching duties and providing extra financial support to economically underprivileged students can significantly prevent school dropout at secondary level. The study further argues that easy promotion policy in early classes may retain more children at school but it causes high rates of dropout from secondary classes.     

以内涵发展均衡配置县域中小学师资——基于建立专家进校制度的思考

中小学教育不均衡发展的关键因素是师资不均衡配置,而师资均衡配置的根本措施不应是以"交流"等形式为主的"截取法",而要注重"补短板",即提升薄弱学校师资水平。建立专家进校制度,既能有效解决农村薄弱学校师资水平问题,又能为教育理论工作者提供创新的平台,是解决中国教育不均衡问题、推动中国整体教育快速健康发展的有力措施。     

The private problem with public service: rural teachers in educational markets

Staffing rural and remote schools is an important policy issue for the public good. This paper examines the private issues it also poses for teachers with families working in these communities, as they seek to reconcile careers with educational choices for children. The paper first considers historical responses to staffing rural and remote schools in Australia, and the emergence of neoliberal policy encouraging marketisation of the education sector. We report on interviews about considerations motivating household mobility with 11 teachers across regional, rural and remote communities in Queensland. Like other middle-class parents, these teachers prioritised their children's educational opportunities over career opportunities. The analysis demonstrates how teachers in rural and remote communities constitute a special group of educational consumers with insider knowledge and unique dilemmas around school choice. Their heightened anxieties around school choice under neoliberal policy are shown to contribute to the public issue of staffing rural and remote schools.     

地方师范院校实施农村中小学教师培训的思考

地方师范院校作为农村中小学教师培训的重要阵地,有着自身的优势。而在落实教师培训这一"使命"的过程中也不同程度上出现了认识不到位、内容脱离实际等问题,需要及时的反思和改进,以提升地方师范院校在农村中小学教师培训中的实效,进而提高教师自身的专业发展,最终促进农村中小学教学质量的提高。     

农村两类学校布局优化的现实问题与方向选择

城镇挤乡村弱是当前我国义务教育阶段最为显著的结构性问题。学校布局作为肇始之基,为更好补齐学校短板提升教育质量,现阶段的工作重点已聚焦至农村两类学校,重心也逐渐转向优化。在城乡义务教育一体化的时代背景下,为实现“就近入学”与“上好学”的优化目标,农村两类学校布局优化工作在农村教育为农与离农的冲突中,应服膺人本理念进行消解;在教育公平优先与教育效率先行的矛盾中,应合理配置教育资源进行平衡;在“由‘小’到‘寄’”与“由‘寄’到‘小’”的纠葛中,应明确两类学校定位进行调适,以助力农村学校布局工作。     

数字校园——农村小学提升的新增长点

农村小学校点分散,教师人数少,学生家庭教育环境受限,课外活动面窄,导致农村小学的办学质量提升困难,具体表现在教学手段落后,教师现代教育技术能力提升困难,教学管理粗放,学生在校活动单调.当前,农村小学的教育技术装备的硬件条件有了很大提高,应该加大数字化农村小学建设,从师资提升、管理优化、课程建设等方面着力,有效提升农村小学的办学水平,促进城乡教育均衡发展.     

中小学教师职前职后一体化协同培养实践--以河南师范大学“国培计划”中西部乡村中小学教师为例

河南师范大学通过承办"国培计划"中西部乡村中小学教师专业能力建设培训项目,对中小学教师职前职后一体化协同培养实践进行了有效的探索。依托河南师范大学的师范专业优势,充分发挥学校"政、产、学、研、用、金"相结合的产学研特色,结合中小学教师的特点,优化培训方案和培训内容,加强职前职后一体化协同培养实践。加强校企合作,提升中小学教师职业技能,通过职前职后一体化协同培养实践策略,推动中小学教育教学事业的深度发展。     

强支持弱发展:乡村小规模学校发展困境及突破

中国特色社会主义新时代是中国发展新的历史方位。在乡村振兴的背景下,乡村小规模学校的发展一直是全面提升乡村教育质量的短板,即使在经济政策大力支持下的乡村小规模学校,依然存在着诸如学校规模萎缩、生源质量差、教师“留不住”等困境,出现了“强支持弱发展”现象。为了更好地推进城乡义务教育均衡,落实政策实施的有效性,文章从城镇化进程给农村带来的务工结构变化、乡村文化的失落以及教育协同等方面深层次挖掘出现这一现象的原因。顺势而为,提出科学发展乡村小规模学校,完善政策保障机制,盘活优化小规模学校教师资源配置;发挥乡村校长领导力,激发乡村教师发展力,提升小规模学校发展质量;创办农村家长学校,提升家校合作水平等改善路径。     

我国中部地区县域义务教育均衡发展的现状、问题及推进策略——基于某县10所义务教育城乡学校的调查分析

通过对中部地区某县城乡学校义务教育阶段办学条件、师资配置和教师专业发展情况的调研,发现我国中部地区县域城乡学校义务教育均衡发展存在的主要问题是:城乡学校办学条件依然严重不均衡,教育经费投入依然很不均衡,师资力量依然非常不均衡,城乡学校教学质量也存在太大差距。针对这些突出问题,我们提出的推进策略是:(1)中央政府和省级政府应在提供充足财政支持的同时,确保办学经费的合理分配;(2)地方政府和教育主管部门应科学合理地调整城乡学校布局,必须方便农村学生就近入学,着重加快薄弱学校改造工程,缩小校际间的明显差距,乡镇和农村学校应提升办学质量而非扩大办学规模;(3)扎扎实实推进义务教育学校标准化建设,实现城乡义务教育规范化发展;(4)加强义务教育师资队伍建设,科学建设城乡学校教师合理流动的新机制。     

A global collage of impressions: Preschools abroad

“What do you think of European preschools?” “Do they have good schools in Yemen?” “What are Chinese child care centers like?” I am always taken aback when asked such questions. Of course, I'm always taken aback when someone asks what I think of kindergarten education in the United States; I never know how to answer that either. Does the question refer to kindergarten classes in the school near my home? Or kindergartens across the United States? Even if the inquirer expected an answer based on the schools which I visit regularly to supervise student teachers I would have to give a general statement, followed by some qualifying statements related to different teachers, different schools, and different school districts — all withinone county! The old adage that “All generalizations are dangerous, including this one” always comes to mind.     

关于县域教师进修学校问题与发展策略的探讨

县域教师进修学校是农村教师教育机构中的重要组成部分,长期以来,县域教师进修学校为农村中小学教师进修提高、促进县域基础教育事业发展做出了重大贡献。但从总体上看,它们还不能完全适应新时期农村中小学教师终身学习的需求和县域基础教育发展的要求,存在着培训机制不活、培训投入不足、培训规划缺失、培训功能受制、培训模式落后、培训者队伍不强等诸多问题。研究县域教师进修学校的发展策略,开展农村中小学教师培训工作创新,对促进县域教师进修学校健康发展意义重大。