本科教学工作水平评估相关问题探析

评估和世间的其它事物一样也会具有二重性,即评估有正效应,也不可避免会有负效应。简要分析评估的正效应和负效应,并从理性层面剖析评估的实质内容。     

A social relations analysis of toddler peer relationships

We examined whether young children form different relationships with specific peers. Using the social relations model, effects of individuals as either actors or partners were distinguished from effects of relationships. Relationship effects are inferred when behavior within a dyad cannot be predicted from behavior that both partners give and receive in other social contexts. 32 20- or 30-month-old children were each paired with 2 partners (same age and gender) and observed for 18 40-min play sessions. The social relations analysis indicated that children differed consistently in their initiation of interaction (actor effects) and in the conflict contributions they elicited from their peers (partner effects). Relationship effects were found in games and contingent interaction, and were generally reciprocal. Relationship effects emerged gradually; in contrast, neither actor nor partner effects increased over time. Results were discussed in the context of definitions of relationships and peer relationships of young children.     

Effects of inclusion on students with and without special educational needs reviewed

In many countries, education policies are shifting towards inclusive education. Human rights have always been an important argument for this development, but the effects on students should be an important factor when designing policies. In this review, therefore, literature on the effects of inclusion on both students with and without special educational needs is described. The review covers not only effects on cognitive development, but also socio-emotional effects. In general, the results show neutral to positive effects of inclusive education. The academic achievement of students with and without special educational needs seems to be comparable to non-inclusive classes or even better in inclusive classes. However, there may be some differential effects for high- and low-achieving students without special educational needs. Regarding social effects, children with special educational needs seem to have a less favourable social position than children without special educational needs.     

FDI对我国工资效应的实证分析

本文以柯布一道格拉斯生产函数模型为基础，根据FDI对工资影响的直接效应和间接效应的原因和方式的不同，引入与之相对应的FDI流量和FDI存量两种度量FDI数量的方式，建立FDI对工资影响的计量模型。以此模型对我国的相关数据进行实证分析，揭示了FDI对我国工资水平产生正面的直接效应的同时，也产生了负面的间接效应，并就产生负面效应的原因进行简要分析，为克服这种负面效应，文章提出加快国有企业改革、提高技术水平和竞争力及提高人力资本水平的相关建议。     

Critiques of socio-economic school compositional effects: are they valid?

Abstract

School socio-economic compositional (SEC) effects have been influential in educational research predicting a range of outcomes and influencing public policy. However, some recent studies have challenged the veracity of SEC effects when applying residualised-change and fixed effects models and simulating potential measurement errors in hierarchical regression models. We review the residualised change and fixed effects methods in critical studies and find limitations in their capacity to demonstrate null compositional effects. We show this with an adjusted residualised change model finding significant SEC effects. We show structural equation models can address concerns that measurement errors inflate SEC effects by comparing hierarchical regression models to structural equation models. We find that structural equation models can detect SEC effects free from measurement error. We conclude that the reviewed critiques of SEC effects were due to methods unlikely to detect compositional effects. Future research would benefit from the identification of mediators of SEC effects.     

形上意识与实践理性:关于提高两课教学实效性的哲学思考

哲学上的实效性概念具有特殊含义,要提高"两课"教学的实效性须首先正确理解实效性的哲学内涵。"两课"教学实效性低下的关键因素在于教师缺乏教学的形上意识与实践理性,因此要真正提高"两课"教学的实效性,其前提条件是教师必须具备良好的教学形上意识与实践理性。     

输入文本模态选择对听力理解影响的实证研究——以莆田学院为例

指出多模态的视听文本在英语听力课堂中已逐渐产生压倒性优势,着重调查不同模态的文本输入对英语专业学生听力理解的影响及其对高、低年级的学生作用是否存在差异。结果显示,输入文本的模态差异对不同层次的学生的听力理解均有不同程度的影响。因此,在听力训练中,应根据学生语言能力的发展及不同阶段的认知特征,循序渐进地按音频——字幕视听——视听模态顺序选择输入文本,提高学习效果。     

Effects and side effects of inspections and accountability in education: an overview of empirical studies

This paper presents an overview of studies into effects and side effects of control mechanisms in education. We focus on effects and side effects of inspection visits and public performance indicators. A first conclusion is that the studies do not provide us with a clear answer to the question of whether inspections have positive causal effects on the quality of schools. Results of studies of publications on public performance indicators are more unambiguous. They lead us to the conclusion that although principals and teachers believe performance indicators are important, parents and pupils take very little notice of these indicators when choosing schools. A third conclusion concerns the occurrence of side effects of school inspections and other control mechanisms in education. Several of the studies discussed clearly refer to the existence of these side effects, such as ‘window dressing’ and other types of ‘gaming’.     

浅议量词的修辞作用

在修辞中大量使用量词是现代汉语的一大显著特征，量词具有多种修辞功能和特殊的修辞效果。文章主要分析现代汉语中量词修辞作用的特殊效果的成因和量词的表现形式，以及如何鉴赏量词的修辞效果。     

From a Very Peculiar Department to a Very Successful School: Transference issues arising out of a study of an improving school

Survey data from an achieved sample of 1818 teachers and 6490 students in one large Canadian school district were used to explore the relative effects of principal and teacher leadership on student engagement with school. Results demonstrated greater effects on student engagement of principal as compared with teacher sources of leadership. The effects of principal leadership were weak but significant, whereas the effects of teacher leadership were not significant. Both forms of leadership were mediated by many of the same elements of the school organisation.     

The Context of Context Effects

The principal purpose of this article is to provide a conceptual framework and heuristic model for considering the existence, magnitude, and consequences of context effects. This purpose is addressed through an extension of some concepts in generalizability theory. In particular, distinctions are drawn between different types of facets and different types of universes. For example, sets of items are distinguished from conditions of measurement typically associated with context effects (e.g., item sequence). In addition, a validity-defining universe of generalization is distinguished from a universe of allowable observations associated with a standardized measurement proce- dure and certain fixed conditions of measurement. Other fixed conditions of measurement are also considered in order to examine context effects involved in applications such as the use of so-called "scrambled" test forms and item or section preequating. It is concluded that context effects are often misunder- stood or masked, that current measurement models have rather serious limitations for examining context effects, and that the importance and magnitude of context effects need to be evaluated in context.     

Effects of self-assessment on self-regulated learning and self-efficacy: Four meta-analyses

This meta-analytic review explores the effects of self-assessment on students' self-regulated learning (SRL) and self-efficacy. A total of 19 studies were included in the four different meta-analyses conducted with a total sample of 2305 students. The effects sizes from the three meta-analyses addressing effects on different measures of SRL were 0.23, 0.65, and 0.43. The effect size from the meta-analysis on self-efficacy was 0.73. In addition, it was found that gender (with girls benefiting more) and certain self-assessment components (such as self-monitoring) were significant moderators of the effects on self-efficacy. These results point to the importance of self-assessment interventions to promote students’ use of learning strategies and its effects on motivational variables such as self-efficacy.     

壳聚糖对菘蓝根腐病病原菌抑制作用的研究

从唐山师范学院花房中采集菘蓝根腐病病根并对其进行了病原菌的分离、纯化和鉴定及不同浓度、不同分子量的壳聚糖对菘蓝根腐病病原菌的室内抑菌作用。结果表明：分离纯化得到致病菌经鉴定为半知菌亚门（Deuteromycotina）、丝孢纲（Hyphomycetes）,丛梗孢目（Stilbellales）、瘤座孢科（Tuborculadales）、镰刀属（Fusarium）真菌。在一定浓度范围内,分子量为3KD、50KD的壳聚糖随着浓度的提高,其抑菌效果也逐渐增强,6mg／ml的效果最好;分子量为150KD时,3mg／ml的效果最好;在一定分子量范围内,除0．75mg／ml的浓度外,随着壳聚糖分子量的提高,其抑菌效果也逐渐增强,分子量150KD的效果最好;本试验中,最大抑菌率为61％。     

Longitudinal Invariance of Self-Esteem and Method Effects Associated With Negatively Worded Items

When developing self-report instruments, researchers often have included both positively and negatively worded items to negate the possibility of response bias. Unfortunately, this strategy may interfere with examinations of the latent structure of self-report instruments by introducing method effects, particularly among negatively worded items. The substantive nature of the method effects remains unclear and requires examination. Building on recommendations from previous researchers (Tomás& Oliver, 1999), this study examined the longitudinal invariance of method effects associated with negatively worded items using a self-report measure of global self-esteem. Data were obtained from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS; Ingels et al., 1992) across 3 waves, each separated by 2 years, and the longitudinal invariance of the method effects was tested using LISREL 8.20 with weighted least squares estimation on polychoric correlations and an asymptotic variance/covariance matrix. Our results indicated that method effects associated with negatively worded items exhibited longitudinal invariance of the factor structure, factor loadings, item uniquenesses, factor variances, and factor covariances. Therefore, method effects associated with negatively worded items demonstrated invariance across time, similar to measures of personality traits, and should be considered of potential substantive importance. One possible substantive interpretation is a response style.     

The distributional effects of higher education subsidies

This article provides a review of the inconclusive debate between Hansen-Weisbrod and Pechman on the distributional effects of subsidies to public higher education in California, with particular reference to its significance for other American states and for European countries. The cross-sectional effects are distinguished from the longitudinal, lifetime effects, and an effort is made to state the necessary and sufficient conditions to infer lifetime redistributive effects from observations of current data. Some general conclusions are drawn for the case of the United Kingdom.     

The effects of stimulus similarity on different types of behavioral contrast

Pigeons were trained on multiple schedules with component stimuli of different degrees of similarity. In Experiment 1, a two-component schedule was used in which the two stimuli were either two line orientations or a line orientation versus a diffuse color. Reinforcement rate was varied in one component to determine the effects of stimulus similarity on different aspects of behavioral contrast. Contrast in terms of average response rates (molar contrast) was larger with less similar stimuli. Local contrast effects at the beginning of the component were larger for more similar stimuli, but these effects were more variable and did not attain statistical significance. Independent of the level of molar contrast, the local pattern of schedule interaction differed for the two levels of similarity: with more similar stimuli, the maximum degree of interaction occurred at the beginning of the components and then decreased; with less similar stimuli, the degree of interaction increased throughout the components and was at its maximum near their end. In Experiment 2, the same three stimuli were used while reinforcement rate in the middle component of a three-component sequence was varied; this isolated the effects of the preceding schedule from those of the following schedule. Contrast effects were generally greater in the target component preceding the variable schedule, and these were enhanced by less similar stimuli. Contrast in the target component following the variable schedule was manifested primarily in terms of the behavior at the beginning of the component, and these effects were inconsistently related to stimulus similarity. The functional separation of the effects of stimulus similarity on the different locations of contrast suggest that “anticipatory contrast” and “local contrast” depend upon different mechanisms, thus excluding any account of contrast solely in terms of relative rate of reinforcement.     

外包粘钢加固法在建筑结构加固中的应用

钢筋混凝土的加固问题一直是国内外致力研究的一个课题。在众多混凝土加固方法中,外包粘钢加固法由于具有简单、快速、不影响结构外形等优点在建筑及公路桥梁中应用广泛。采用外包粘钢加固法由于灌浆料的不同,加固效果也有一定的差别。试验证明,采用钢板和CGM填料加固混凝土柱不仅可行,且效果良好。     

Getting along with classmates in regular schools: a review of the effects of integration on the development of social relationships

The objective of this review is to find out what knowledge is available regarding the effects of integrating pupils the sensory, motor and/or mental disabilities is regular schools. This review is restricted to the effects of integration on the development of social contacts with classmates without disabilities. Analysis of 14 studies revealed contradictory conclusions: no effects were reported in some studies, while in others researchers found that special needs pupils in regular schools acquired more social contacts and friendships, and that regular and special schools differed in this respect. Only a few studies revealed negative effects of integration.     

色彩的信息传达

从色彩的表情、色彩的象征作用及表达方式,论述了色彩信息的传达,说明色彩的象征作用既是历史积淀的特殊文化结晶,同时也是约定俗成的文化现象,其在社会行为中起到了标志和传播的双重作用。利用色彩的表情以及色彩的象征性传达不同的感情信息从而使画面变得更加丰满。     

Effects of older brother-younger sister incest: a study of the dynamics of 17 cases.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of older brother-younger sister incest from the perspective of the women who experienced it in childhood or adolescent years. Dynamics in the families-of-origin were also explored, as these related or contributed to the effects from the incest. Seventeen women were interviewed, using an in-depth, semi-structured interview. Four self-report objective instruments were also administered that measure dynamics in the family-of-origin and symptomatology that is often associated with the effects of trauma. Interview and objective data were analyzed by systematically organizing the women's perceptions and conceptualizations into common themes. All of the women's families of origin were described as dysfunctional. Common effects reported included mistrust of men and women, chronic low or negative self-esteem, sexual response difficulties, and intrusive thoughts of the incest. Women regarded individual therapy, talking with supportive family and friends, and validating themselves as victims at the time of the incest as ways in which they have helped themselves to deal with the effects of the incest. These results have important implications for therapy, including serious consideration of the impact and contribution of this kind of incest on reported symptomatology, and on emerging issues and conflicts in the therapeutic process.