当文学批评成为一种文学——从杰弗里·哈特曼的《批评的文化》出发

二十世纪中后期,随着“科学化”风气的盛行,文学批评渐渐被大众冷落,其存在的价值也遭到了质疑。面对这种境遇,美国著名的文学批评理论家杰弗里·哈特曼提出了自己的救赎之方：让文学批评重新回归文学。他从批评语言和批评的文体入手,对文学批评自身的定位进行了反思,并尝试探究这种“文学化”的批评在文化生活中的意义。     

论科学批判的四个向度

科学作为一种文化活动有自身特定的批判对象。从批判指向的目标看,科学的批判性表现在四个维度:对生活世界中经验常识的批判,对非科学领域思想观念的批判,对科学自身的批判,对科学技术及其影响的批判。即通过对生活世界中经验常识的批判而获得科学的认识;越出科学领域,对非科学领域的宗教、迷信以及伪科学等方面进行批判而解放人的精神世界;对业已存在的科学概念进行批判从而促进科学的进步或革命;对科学导引下的技术所产生的多重影响进行批判,为科学的发展护航,并为科学的合理性存在进行辩护。     

费耶阿本德对标准科学观的批判

研究费耶阿本德对正统科学观的批判对于建构新的科学观具有借鉴意义。费耶阿本德对理性客观论、事实中立论、方法一元论这三个正统科学观的理论支柱进行了彻底批判。费耶阿本德认为:理性概念是模棱两可的。说某一程序或一种观点是客观的,即声明不分人类的期望、思想、态度和愿望,它都是有效的。这显然是站不住脚的。事实是在特定理论指导下、特定条件限制下的观察结果,不是脱离理论而中立的。非科学化的方法也有一定的价值,科学理性的方法都有相应的局限,科学活动的方法只是科学的手段。     

Environmental education and the science of ecology: exploration of an uneasy relationship

While modern science is receiving harsh criticism within the framework of environmental education, at the same time ecology is presented as an alternative science, characterized as ‘holistic’ and ‘non‐exploitative’. However, many of the characteristics of the science of ecology do not comply with its characterization as alternative science. Furthermore, ecology is a science with competing paradigms, provisional theories, incommensurable worldviews, and extensive theoretical and methodological debates. The treatment of the science of ecology in environmental education is not taking into account the relevant evidence, resulting in a quite strong positivistic and dogmatic educational approach. The importance of approaches that comply more with a post‐positivistic account of education are discussed in the light of the possible contribution of environmental education to science education discourse.     

启蒙理性批判的理论困境——霍克海默、阿多诺《启蒙辩证法》评析

霍克海默、阿多诺启蒙理性批判,抓住了人类主体体现自身本性最重要的支点——理性,对理性自身进行了批判。启蒙理性批判,不仅把工具理性的合理性概念用于解释资本主义社会的物化,而且用于解释并证明,在人类早期神话中理性的异化就已初露端倪,从而揭示了理性异化的生存论根源。启蒙理性批判发展为法兰克福学派独具特色的工具理性批判。启蒙理性批判,继承了卢卡奇关于资本主义物化与科学技术合理化批判,拓宽了西方马克思主义理论的研究视野,但也不可避免地带来了自身的理论困境。     

批判精神:科学进步的推动力——谈波普尔的证伪主义

波普尔科学哲学的核心是证伪主义,证伪就是一个不断批判的过程。他认为科学在批判中进步,在批判中检验理论的真理性,在批判中树立自己的观点。他的哲学思想被概括为批判理性主义,批判精神贯穿于他的科学哲学的始终,而这种批判精神正是科学进步的巨大动力。     

艰难的旅程:30年中国文学批评的回眸与反思

新时期中国文学批评建设已经走过了30年,其发展历程令人瞩目,发人深思。大体来说,这30年可以划分为三个阶段:1980年代是它的"黄金"时期,文学批评回到自身,从独断式政治批判转向社会性文化批评,再到审美批评;1990年代,文学批评一度在政治和"商品化"潮流及外来理论、批评等因素的冲击下,迷失自我,陷入困惑和低落中,并引发了一系列问题;新世纪以来,文学批评在之前发展的基础上,在跨文化的语境中,趋于平实、稳健,有走向"交流对话、综合创新"的自觉意识。无疑,对30年文学批评的检索、剖析与反思有着非常重要的价值及意义,而且能够为建构充满学理、富有特色和创造性的当下文学批评起推动作用。     

论技术理性批判精神的当代意义

技术理性批判对当代资本主义世界具有无畏的批判精神，值得充分肯定。它不仅对理性、知识、科学、技术、科学技术方法、科学技术的社会意义和实践功能等方面的分析、反思和批判，而且更从深层意义上对文化价值观念、历史文明形态和人的存在方式等的内在批判和本质思考。     

What is the unit of natural selection?

The gene as the solution to the debate over the level at which natural selection acts has often been termed as too reductionist, but is this a valid criticism? Exploring this question in the context of nonlinearity illuminates not only the debate over the unit of natural selection but also the broader debate on reductionism versus holism in science.     

Pluralism and criticism in environmental education and education for sustainable development: a practical understanding

Education is presented with a challenge when faced with criticism of modern science and adoption of a pluralistic view of environmental education and education for sustainable development. In dealing with this challenge, a practical understanding inspired by the later works of Ludwig Wittgenstein is suggested as a complement to more traditional theoretical and analytical responses. Through reminders of how criticism appears in everyday practice, the article shows that criticism does not necessarily have to be understood solely by reference to specific theoretical positions, but can also be seen in terms of the diverse ways that human beings react morally, encounter different norms and conduct ethical reflection. In such a practical understanding, the question is not whether the criticism is correct or not in absolute terms but rather whether the opinions and perspectives have significance in people’s lives. Criticism of modern science does not therefore appear to be a reason to exclude modern science, the proposal here being to acknowledge and embrace the criticism and the alternative views put forward by the critics. By means of a practical understanding, the opposition expected between criticism and pluralism can be dissolved, rather than solved.     

知识论中非理性的信仰主义到直觉主义的历史变迁

科学知识的发展变化与进步,使知识论中非理性主义由中世纪迷信外在权威的信仰主义,转向现代信任内在本能的直觉主义,但其共同点是否定科学知识是人类运用逻辑理性思维的产物,不相信人类理性能够判断真理与谬误。信仰主义千方百计去证明某种教条,迷信权威,完全丧失了检验、反驳既有结论的科学理性精神;直觉主义虽具有抵制极端理性主义把认识方法狭隘化的积极意义,但往往混淆知识论与价值论,阻碍科学探索中的理性批判。     

翻译批评标准应该多样化、多视角、多层次

从广义上说 ,翻译批评的主体是从事翻译批评活动的人 ,客体可以是译文、译者、译事 ,甚至是他人所写的翻译批评。翻译活动客体的宽泛性、译文文本类型的多样性以及翻译批评主体身份的多样性要求翻译批评的标准应该多样化、多视角和多层次。因此建立这样的标准体系不是为了应对目前无法建立统一标准这一格局而做出的无奈之举 ,而是由翻译批评活动的本质特征所决定的。     

The Construction and Analysis of a Science Story: A Proposed Methodology

Science educators are beginning to establish a theoretical and methodological foundation for constructing and using stories in science teaching. At the same time, it is not clear to what degree science stories that have recently been written adhere to the guidelines that are being proposed. The author has written a story about Louis Slotin, which deals with the beginnings of radiation protection, to serve as a case study. In this paper, the story is dissected and evaluated with the view to begin to establish a method of literary criticism for science stories. In addition, student responses to the story are investigated and interpreted.     

相对主义批评的价值论批判

相对主义学批评坚持多元主义的批评立场，其价值判断是个体主义的。这不可避免地会引致学批评价值取向上的混乱。在以人的群体为价值主体的基础上，以是否有利于人学实践作为学批评的根本尺度能够有效地确立价值评价的依据和解决价值的一元性与多元性之间的关系问题。开展批评的人学实践不仅是一种哲学式的选择，它更是历史的必然要求。     

Consensus projects: teaching science for citizenship

In the first part of this article it is argued that knowledge of social aspects of science are of importance and relevance for science education for citizenship. The focus is on the importance of debate, criticism and evaluation of knowledge claims, within the scientific community. Knowledge of the nature and the limits of science are necessary as tools to interpret and debate statements with a science dimension occurring in debates over socio-scientific issues. The second part of this article presents a teaching model for engaging students in thoughtful decision-making on controversial socio-scientific issues. The main features of the teaching model are the evaluation and criticism of knowledge and opinions and the establishing of a consensual conclusion that includes a recommended action. Using the consensus project model implies an introduction to important social aspects of science concerning evaluation and validation of knowledge claims.     

康德的实践教育学:在“理想”与“科学”之间

康德是伟大的教育学家,他的教育学对后世产生了深远的影响。在康德那里,就教育学的性质而言,教育学是基于实践哲学的实践教育学,没有实践哲学作为根基,也就没有教育学的存在。这一实践教育学又在"理想"与"科学"之间。教育学是"理想",主要体现在康德基于人的所有向善禀赋的完全实现上,而这一实现又只能通过"类的教育"而不能通过"个别的教育",由此康德的教育学具有了一种世界主义的理想色彩。教育学是"科学",主要体现在康德对教育实验、教育方法论的强调,以及对机械的教育学说的批判当中。不过,康德的整全的"人性观"又使得他的"科学"不是严格的"实验科学"。     

女性主义视野中的科学

二十世纪六七十年代,女性主义作为一个学术流派开始介入科学领域,并对传统科学观提出一系列的批评。那么,究竟女性主义与科学的渊源关系如何?他们为什么对科学进行批评?主要批评科学的哪些方面?各个流派女性主义科学观又是怎样的?存在哪些冲突与碰撞?我们该如何看待女性主义科学观?本文尝试在这方面作一些评介,这不仅有助于我们全面了解女性主义与科学的关系,更有助于我们对科学本身进行再认识。     

History and Philosophy of Science as a Continuation of Science by Other Means

History and philosophy of science can serve the function of investigating scientific questions that are excluded by science itself. Because many things need to be protected from questioning and criticism in specialist science, its demonstrated effectiveness is also unavoidably accompanied by a loss of knowledge and a degree of dogmatism. History and philosophy of science can ameliorate this situation by working as a shadow discipline complementing specialist science in the production of knowledge about nature. In this enterprise the connection between philosophy of science and history of science is essential, since the questions that get consigned to the realm of philosophy are often, and not accidentally, the same ones buried in the historical record of past science. Some examples are given illustrating the complementary mode of history and philosophy of science, and its relations to other modes of study in history of science and philosophy of science are also examined.     

中华医道对人类文明新思维的指示性价值

近代以来，利用西方科学对中医的解释、验证和改造，使人们对中医的认识存在着普遍的误区。中医是医道，而不仅是医学；是和人之道，而不仅是治病之学；是过程之道，而不仅是结构之学；是化变之道，而不仅是功能之学。中华医道超越科学，并可包客人体科学。科学概念的西化与神化，不仅是中华医道的灾难，而且是人类文明的灾难。随着现代科学革命的深化和人类认识的回归，中医智慧对人类未来的重要价值将日渐体现，对科学主义的狭隘的批判和揭示将日益深刻，对人类文明的未来具有重要的指示性价值。     

新文化运动中科学权威的确立

新文化运动中文化批判所表征的价值危机促使当时的激进知识分子普遍积极地寻求新的文化权威和塑造新的价值规范。在这样的背景下,"科学"和"民主"作为代表新社会的理想和拯救中国前途的武器合逻辑地成为新的价值权威。然而,"科学"和"民主"这"舟车之两轮"实际上却存在着偏向科学的价值倾斜,即科学的观念已经得到了普遍的认同,而且在程度上也超过对民主观念的体认。这样的趋势在"科玄论战"中得到了加强。由于唯物史观派的加盟而使"科学派"战胜"玄学派",最终导致"科学"确立了无上尊荣的权威地位。