The Procedurally Directive Approach to Teaching Controversial Issues

Recent articles on teaching controversial topics in schools have employed Michael Hand's distinction between “directive teaching,” in which teachers attempt to persuade students of correct positions on topics that are not rationally controversial, and “nondirective teaching,” in which teachers avoid persuading students on topics that are rationally controversial. However, the four methods of directive teaching discussed in the literature — explicit directive teaching, “steering,” “soft‐directive teaching,” and “school ethos endorsement” — make rational persuasion problematic, if not self‐defeating. In this essay, Maughn Rollins Gregory argues that “procedurally directive teaching” offers an alternative to such approaches because it derives from the intention to guide inquiry rather than to persuade. He demonstrates that the conceptual frameworks of perfectionism and antiperfectionism, which have been proposed for directive teaching on same‐sex marriage, can instead be used to generate open questions for student inquiry, as can a third, civil rights framework. Given these considerations, Gregory maintains that pedagogical guidance on this topic should be procedurally directive rather than substantively directive. Further, the fact that legal, political, and ethics scholars disagree about which framework is more appropriate to the issue of same‐sex marriage indicates that such arguments cannot be dispositive of the pedagogical issue of how to frame classroom discussions about it. Rather, students should inquire into this meta‐level framing dispute for themselves.     

Recognising ethnic identity in the classroom: a New Zealand study

The recognition and affirmation of student identity in New Zealand primary schools is a policy requirement. While directives for its implementation are found in the current national curriculum, little, if any, guidance is given about what this means or how it might look in classroom programmes. This paper discusses a study concerning the beliefs, understandings and practices of teachers as they interpret the curriculum related to the identity directive. The findings indicate that a marked divergence exists between the identity directive encoded into the curriculum and the way in which teachers decode and enact the directive in their practice. This article argues that two unintended effects are produced as a result of this divergence. First, rather than promote the affirmation of student identity, the enactment of this directive might, in fact, lead to ethnic division. Second, attempts to recognise and affirm identity have led to the displacement of school subject knowledge in classroom programmes. These unintended outcomes are not only unacknowledged, but they continue to disadvantage the community the identity directive was intended to address.     

Is Freire Incoherent? Reconciling Directiveness and Dialogue in Freirean Pedagogy

While some of Paulo Freire's readers understand his pedagogy as a rejection of any and all directive teaching methods, there are many scholars who do recognise Freire's emphasis on teacher directiveness in its appropriate form. In light of this tension between directiveness and dialogue, it seems that students of Freire must inevitably come to a crossroads: is Freire's pedagogy directive or is it not? However, even this question does not get at the more critical dilemma: if Freire's pedagogy is directive, is such directiveness incompatible with Freire's overwhelming emphasis on egalitarian dialogue? This paper establishes three readings of the issue of directiveness in Freire and ultimately provides an exegetical defence of what is termed the compatibilist reading—that directive teaching, properly construed, is compatible with dialogic teaching in Freirean pedagogy. The question this paper seeks to answer is how Freire can have it both ways. In sum, Freire undeniably supports teacher directiveness and philosophically justifies directiveness as compatible with problem‐posing education through his concepts of virtue education, utopia and criticality.     

Towards a Theory of Propositional Curriculum Content

This article addresses two questions. The first question is this: ‘when ought teachers to encourage or discourage students’ belief of a given proposition on the one hand (call this ‘directive teaching’), and when ought teachers to simply facilitate students’ understanding of that proposition, on the other (call this ‘non‐directive teaching’) (cf. the work of Michael Hand)? The second question is this: ‘which propositional content should curricula address?’ An answer to these questions would amount to what I will call a ‘theory of propositional curricula content’, by providing both a means for choosing content, and a directive for teaching that content. While the answer that I give to the second question is unlikely to prove exhaustive, I still consider that it would form an important part of the answer, hence the title a ‘towards a theory of propositional curricula content’.     

十年建设时期经济建设指导方针的两点探析

全面建设社会主义十年问的经济建设指导方针，与这十年的其他各项工作一样，经历了一个曲折的发展过程。其确立和演变大体经历了四个阶段。这十年经济建设指导方针之所以有如此的曲折，是由主客观两方面因素造成的。     

Le comportement de management des professeurs ou l'organisation et le contrôle des classes

This paper describes teacher, management of pupil behaviour and learning tasks in classrooms. Four categories of teacher behaviour were observed: maintenance of class discipline, designation of pupils, organization, and control of pupil activities. Results show that teachers usually see a directive‐managerial style which may be classified as follows: directive‐authoritarian style, directive‐monitoring style, directive‐methodical style and directive‐apathetic style.     

谈高师数学分析对中学数学教学的指导作用

本文用实例论证了高师数学对中学数学的教学具有指导作用。     

The effect of directive tutor guidance in problem-based learning of statistics on students’ perceptions and achievement

In this study directive tutor guidance in problem-based learning (PBL) of statistics is investigated. In a quasi experiment in an educational setting, directive guiding tutors were compared with tutors in a more traditional role. Results showed that the subjective perceptions of the students with regard to the course, the tutor, and the discussions in the tutorial meetings were more positive in the guided condition. The quality of the problems used in the meetings and general tutor functioning were evaluated as equal in both conditions. Achievement was marginally higher in the guided condition. It can be concluded that directive tutor guidance is an effective addition to PBL of statistics.     

Teacher expectations on the directiveness continuum in consultation

The study investigated the consultation approaches of collaborative‐directive and collaborative‐nondirective and the influence of teacher expectations for consultation on their ratings of consultation success. Teachers viewed videotaped consultation sessions of a collaborative‐directive or collaborative‐nondirective consultation session that either matched or mismatched their expectations. The study found significantly higher ratings for the consultants and interventions when the collaborative‐directive approach was used. In addition, teachers in conditions that matched their expectations for consultation rated consultants and interventions significantly higher than did teachers in mismatched conditions. The importance of this line of research lies in its practical application, allowing practitioners of consultation and trainers of school psychologists greater knowledge in selection of the appropriate consultation approach to maximize perceived consultant effectiveness and intervention acceptability. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

古本《老乞大》的动补结构

古本《老乞大》里有四类补语：结果补语、状态补语、趋向补语和可能补语。充当状态补语的成分有三类：形容词或形容词短语、动词或动词短语、主谓短语,《老乞大》里有不少单纯形容词构成“V 得 C”的例子,其中有些可以凭借形式标记确认它们为状态补语;趋向补语既有粘合式(动 趋)的动补结构,又有组合式(动 将 趋,动 得 趋)的动补结构;可能补语有“V 得／不得”、“V 不 C”等几种格式,但这两种格式不专门用来表示可能。     

Parental teaching styles in an open-ended teaching-learning environment

The present study extends earlier work on parental teaching style by making the task to be completed less structured, extending parent-child interaction over a 2 week time period, and equalizing the expertise of the parent relative to the child. Additionally, the study examines the effects of parental intrusiveness on a subsequent task. Subjects were 22 Caucasian middle class parent-child dyads. Audiorecordings were taped over a 2-week period while dyads were learning aspects of Logo computer programming. Even in this prolonged nonspecific learning situation, in which parents were encouraged to proceed at the child's pace, parents were overwhelmingly directive. Additionally, children of directive parents performed best on a subsequent generalization task.     

中国非英语专业大学生指示动词使用研究——基于语料库的考察

以口语语料库为基础,研究中国非英语专业大学生对指示动词come的使用,可以发现：与英语本族语者相比,中国非英语专业大学生对come右搭配词使用的种类不丰富,并且超用或少用,这可能与他们的学习动机、对待查词典的态度、考试话题等因素有关;此外,在一定程度上,他们把come误用为go,这可能是由于缺乏口语锻炼、临考压力、汉语词频负效应、礼貌原则超用等因素所致。     

Learning Language in Early Intervention Programs

Investigators of early language development have noted that teachers tend to select specific language objectives and teach them didactically, whereas parents are more likely to adopt open-ended objectives and teach them opportunistically. The authors have called the former approach directive, because of its reliance on teacher-controlled precision teaching, and the latter nondirective, because of its reliance on child-centered supportive techniques. This article explores the relative emphasis given these two approaches in early intervention by examining language objectives on Individual Educational Programs (IEPs) drawn from 20 programs in 10 states. It also analyzes the directive versus nondirective nature of language items on eight major developmental inventories that are used both to assess children's language and as the source of language objectives. The primary finding—a preponderant directive orientation on both IEPs and inventories—is discussed in terms of the literature on language development in normal and handicapped preschoolers.     

Learning Language in Early Intervention Programs

Investigators of early language development have noted that teachers tend to select specific language objectives and teach them didactically, whereas parents are more likely to adopt open-ended objectives and teach them opportunistically. The authors have called the former approach directive, because of its reliance on teacher-controlled precision teaching, and the latter nondirective, because of its reliance on child-centered supportive techniques. This article explores the relative emphasis given these two approaches in early intervention by examining language objectives on Individual Educational Programs (IEPs) drawn from 20 programs in 10 states. It also analyzes the directive versus nondirective nature of language items on eight major developmental inventories that are used both to assess children's language and as the source of language objectives. The primary finding—a preponderant directive orientation on both IEPs and inventories—is discussed in terms of the literature on language development in normal and handicapped preschoolers.     

BELONGING,SOCIAL COHESION AND FUNDAMENTAL BRITISH VALUES

ABSTRACT

Many of the often complex debates central to the topics of belonging and social cohesion have their origins in contrasting interpretations of the ideal relationship between citizens. Governments across much of the western world continue to struggle to reconceptualise what it is to ‘belong together’ at a time of growing diversity and migration.

This article considers three conceptual difficulties involved in the directive for schools to actively promote Fundamental British Values to address this issue. First, the directive fails to refer to any relevant theories around the concept of belonging, one of the major strands of research in social cohesion. The concept of ‘perceived belonging’ is thus introduced to further explore what the bond between citizens ‘looks like’. Secondly, the lack of theory leads to a restriction of the values needed to support the bond. Thirdly, there is then a lack of sufficient clarity of action for how this might be translated into school practice. Finally, I suggest that the directive needs further theoretical engagement to be successful.     

复数的方位概念与方位关系式及其在复集中的应用

从复数的方位概念与方位关系式的引入开始，阐明了复数间的关系。指出了复数可类似实数那样研究各种“不等关系”——即“方位关系”，从而丰富了复数构造论．最后给出了它在复集理论中的应用。     

巴利和薛施蔼整理《普通语言学教程》的影响与贡献

该文重点梳理了巴利和薛施蔼对《普通语言学教程》的整理工作，分析其带来的影响与贡献，总结了二人的整理工作对当下索绪尔思想研究的指导意义。     

When to Teach for Belief: A Tempered Defense of the Epistemic Criterion

Michael Hand has defended the “epistemic criterion” for “directive and nondirective teaching” in his 2008 Educational Theory article, “What Should We Teach as Controversial? A Defense of the Epistemic Criterion,” as well as subsequent pieces. Here, John Tillson defends use of the epistemic criterion in the case of what he calls “momentous propositions,” but he rejects two of Hand's key arguments in support of the criterion. This rethinking comes in light of important contributions to the debate made by Bryan Warnick and D. Spencer Smith and by Maughn Rollins Gregory, also published in this journal. Tillson begins the article with an elucidation of the directive/nondirective distinction, and then discusses some limitations of defining the distinction in terms of intention. Next, he draws attention to the problems with the “soft‐directive teaching” method that Warnick and Smith advocate. Finally, Tillson provides an additional argument in favor of the epistemic criterion, an argument also grounded in work by Hand, which places emphasis on imparting knowledge alongside cultivating rationality among our educational aims.     

英汉词汇缺项与翻译

英汉词汇缺项的主要原因在于：生活环境、生活经验不同;自然环境不同;风俗习惯不同;宗教信仰不同和对客观世界的认识不同。词汇缺项：指示意义相同,联想意义不同的词汇;指示意义相同,联想意义部分不同的词汇;指示意义相同,在一种语言中有丰富的联想意义,在另一种语言中却没有的词汇;文化中的词汇缺项。译法：直译、意译、移植及释义。     

浅谈CAI的理论基础对课件设计的指导

该文用教育心理学的行为主义、认知主义、建构主义学习理论对多媒体CAI课件的教学设计原则及指导意义进行了有益的探讨。