Different friendships

中国人珍视友谊．交友就要成为世交。但美国人却不理解中国人的友谊观．那么他们又是怎么看待友谊呢？     

The relations between parental friendships and children's friendships: self-report and observational analysis

The relations between the quality of mothers' and fathers' friendships and that of their children's friendships was examined. One hundred twenty-five fourth-grade children (9 year olds) completed the Friendship Quality Questionnaire. Observational measures of the target children playing with their self-selected friend were also collected. Mothers and fathers separately completed the Friendship Quality Questionnaire about their best friend. Results indicated that children's self-reports and observational measures of friendship quality were not highly correlated for girls, but were moderately associated for boys. The quality of mothers' and fathers' friendships was related to the quality of children's friendships, but the nature of the relations with children's friendships differed for girls and boys. The implications of these findings for the socialization of friendship patterns and the assessment of children's friendships were noted.     

Co-rumination in the friendships of girls and boys

This research addresses a new construct, co-rumination. Co-rumination refers to extensively discussing and revisiting problems, speculating about problems, and focusing on negative feelings. Friendship research indicates that self-disclosure leads to close relationships; however, coping research indicates that dwelling on negative topics leads to emotional difficulties. Co-rumination is a single construct that integrates both perspectives and is proposed to be related both to positive friendship adjustment and problematic emotional adjustment. Third-, fifth-, seventh-, and ninth-grade participants (N = 608) responded to questionnaires, including a new measure of co-rumination. Co-rumination was related to high-quality, close friendships and aspects of depression and anxiety. Girls reported co-ruminating more than did boys, which helped to account for girls' more positive friendship adjustment and greater internalizing symptoms. Other analyses addressed whether co-rumination and the related constructs of self-disclosure and rumination had different relations with friendship and emotional adjustment.     

Characterizing and comparing the friendships of anxious-solitary and unsociable preadolescents

Friendships matter for withdrawn youth because the consequences of peer isolation are severe. From a normative sample of 2,437 fifth graders (1,245 females; M age = 10.25), a subset (n = 1,364; 638 female) was classified into 3 groups (anxious-solitary, unsociable, comparison) and followed across a school year. Findings indicated that it was more common for unsociable than anxious-solitary children to have friends, be stably friended, and participate in multiple friendships. For withdrawn as well as nonwithdrawn children, peer rejection predicted friendlessness, but this relation was strongest for anxious-solitary children. The friends of unsociable youth were more accepted by peers than those of anxious-solitary youth. The premise that friendship inhibits peer victimization was substantiated for withdrawn as well as nonwithdrawn youth.     

姐妹情谊的乌托邦性质与现实困境

从新时期以来的女性叙事中,很容易找到歌颂姐妹情谊的文本,但更多的是关于历史建构的女人间的隔膜与姐妹情谊之脆弱的思考。无论从文学理论还是批评实践,以及女性写作的各个领域考察,女性之间始终如一的密切关系似乎是不存在的。本文审视和论述了姐妹情谊的乌托邦性质及其书写遭遇现实困境的四个原因：女性政治结盟的困难,女性共同经验的虚妄,被男权社会隔离,被母性、妻性解构。     

从国外发展学前补偿教育项目的经验看我国农村学前教育的发展

美国和印度两国发展学前补偿教育项目的经验可以主要概括为:积极认识学前教育在个体和社会发展中的价值和意义;以法律法规的形式确立学前教育的性质和地位;政府加强对学前补偿教育项目的管理,促进学前教育有序发展;政府不断扩大对学前补偿教育的财政支持,着力保障学前教育公平;提高参与学前补偿教育项目工作人员的素质和待遇,保障学前教育的质量。这些经验对于我国处于弱势地位的农村学前教育的发展具有重要的借鉴和启发意义。     

Opportunities and constraints: black-white differences in the formation of interracial friendships

In this article, we examine the effects of classroom characteristics on the interracial friendliness of students in desegregated classrooms. We argue that social psychological processes that affect cross-race sociability are set in motion by the classroom climate, the organization of instruction, and the class racial composition. The effects of these variables on the likelihood of cross-race friendships are observed in longitudinal data from 455 students in 16 fourth- through seventh-grade desegregated classrooms. The results show that classroom characteristics associated with "status-leveling" effects operate differently for black and white students. Ability grouping influences the interracial sociability of white students more than that of blacks, while the academic status of peers affects the cross-race friendships of blacks more than of whites. Race differences in the effects of classroom climate on interracial friendships are also observed.     

Students encountering race and negotiating friendships,sexuality and language on campus

By drawing on a theoretical framing based on the geography of encounters, this article examines how students give meaning to racialised encounters on campus. These encounters are mediated by long established notions of difference based on power inequalities where race remains a powerful source of difference. However, race is not simply enacted but produced as it weaves through student friendships, heterosexual partnering and through language. By focusing on the construction of race in student encounters on campus, the article uncovers the points at which students produce relations of inequalities, their contestations and the continuities in racialised power structures. The article concludes by pointing to the value in understanding the race-friendship-heterosexual-language tension, which might help work towards understanding and addressing inequalities based on locally relevant interventions on campus.     

The greater fragility of females' versus males' closest same-sex friendships

Sixty females and 60 males between 10 and 15 years of age were interviewed about difficulties in current and past close same-sex friendships. Based on prior studies, it was hypothesized that females' closest same-sex friendships would be more fragile than those of males. Analyses comparing only the closest same-sex friendship of the two sexes demonstrated that females' current friendships were of a shorter duration, that females were more distressed than males when imagining the potential termination of their friendships, that more females' than males' friends already had done something to hurt the friendship, and that females had more former friendships that had ended than males had. Possible reasons are discussed for the greater vulnerability of this type of relationship for females.     

Social relationships and friendships among young people with Down's syndrome in secondary schools

More young people with Down's syndrome are being taught in mainstream schools and interest in the educational aspect of inclusion has grown over the last few years.
In this article Pat Cuckle, Senior Research Fellow at the University of Leeds, and June Wilson, a support teacher working for Education Leeds, explore patterns of friendship and social relationships among teenagers with Down's syndrome. The young people who took part in the study either attend mainstream schools or resourced provision in mainstream schools. The enquiry provides fascinating insights into the participants' views of friendship and into the range of their social experiences. Pat Cuckle and June Wilson conclude their report with a set of recommendations focusing on the need to create more opportunity for social interaction for young people with special needs.     

Holism, contextual variability, and the study of friendships in adolescent development

This study treated a key relationship in the developmental ecology of adolescence, friendships, as multidimensional and context specific. First, it examined 4 characteristics of friends (academic achievement, alcohol use, emotional distress, and extracurricular participation) as independent factors and as components in holistic friendship group profiles. Longitudinal analyses of 9,224 adolescents (ages 12-20) revealed that multiple characteristics of friends predicted adolescent behavioral problems, as did membership in the best adjusted group profile. Second, the study examined whether the associations between friendship factors and adolescent behavior varied as a function of the larger peer network and school context, finding that network centrality, school academic press, and intergenerational bonding in schools conditioned the role of friends' characteristics and group profiles in positive and negative ways.     

Academic performance and depression in Chinese children: Same-domain and cross-domain effects in friendships

This 1-year longitudinal study examined the effects of academic performance and depression in friendships among elementary school children in China. Participants included 1122 children (44% boys) within 561 stable friendship dyads initially in fourth and fifth grades (initial M_age = 11 years). Data on academic performance, depression, and friendship were collected from multiple sources in the period of 2012 to 2014. Dyadic analysis using the actor-partner interdependence model showed that friends' academic performance significantly and positively predicted children's later academic performance, indicating same-domain effects, and significantly and negatively predicted children's later depression, indicating cross-domain effects, with a medium effect size (ε₃ = .70) for the effects of academic performance. The results help understand the role of friendship in children's development in the Chinese context.     

幼儿教育新的价值取向：幼儿教育与生活的融合

一、教育和生活的关系一个人一出生，就在这个世界上生活，从他的诞生、发展、成熟、延续直至死亡是一个生长的过程，是一个人生活历程的全部内容。当然生活并不仅仅是生理学意义上的，并不仅仅是指人的生命的内在潜能自然展开的过程，而且还包括人的知识、能力、个性，直至整个精神世界经验的过程。因此生活对于个体来说就可简化为被经验到的一切，个体的生活获得各种经验。而这种经验的增长、组织、更新就是广义的教育。因此教育离不开生活。杜威曾说“教育应当是生活本身，而不是生活的准备”。在杜威看来，教育并不是强制儿童静坐听讲和…     

Birthday effects and preschool attendance

Young-for-grade students have been shown to receive lower grades and have a higher likelihood of retention compared to their oldest peers upon kindergarten entry. Our study of 1474 economically disadvantaged first-time kindergarteners investigates if preschool attendance may ameliorate some of the risks potentially associated with being young-for-grade. Using the state-mandated age cutoff date, we establish four groups of students based on age (oldest/youngest in the cohort) and preschool experience (attended preschool/did not attend preschool) and use multilevel linear and logistic regression models in analyzing early literacy scores as well as the likelihood of being retained. Our findings show that while preschool attendance is associated with higher emergent literacy performance, young students still experience higher retention risks compared to their older peers, regardless of preschool attendance and controlling for end-of-year literacy scores.     

传统道德与幼儿教育--兼论《三字经》的幼教思想

文章从教宜早，教有方，重环境，重身教，重教育五个方面，阐述了中国传统道德在幼儿教育中的非常作用。同时，兼论了《三字经》中的幼儿教育思想。     

Infant and preschool reinforcement survey

An empirically developed infant and preschool reinforcement survey was completed by 35 parents and 21 children. Test-retest reliability coefficients were computed on these data after a one-week interval. The development of the survey, as well as its usefulness for school psychologists, is described.