Introduction Teaching Situations as Object of Research: Empirical Studies within Theoretical Perspectives

This volume gathers contributions that share the same double concern: to focus on teaching situations in classrooms, especially the work of the teacher, and to be strongly anchored in original theoretical frameworks allowing to take the classroom situation as unit of analysis. The contributions are not a representative sample of all research sharing this focus worldwide. The theoretical frameworks are grounded mainly (but not solely) in the theory of didactic situations (Brousseau, 1997) and the anthropological theory of didactics (Chevallard, 1992, 1999). There are 11 articles altogether, 9 of which present research works within the chosen theme and focus. The other two are commentary papers offering a reflection on studies of classroom situations from the point of view of other theoretical viewpoints. “Original” in the sense of having been developed specifically for research in mathematics education and not borrowed from other domains such as psychology, sociology, etc.     

A latent-variable causal model of faculty reputational ratings

Saunier (1985), in an attempt to explain sources of variation in the NRC reputational ratings of university faculty, conducted a stepwise regression analysis using twelve predictor variables. Due to problems with multicollinearity and because of the atheoretical nature of stepwise regression, Saunier's conclusions were only speculative. By using LISREL the present reanalysis demonstrates the value of regressing reputational ratings on three latent variables: size, faculty research productivity, and the quality of program graduates. The model was tested using NRC data for each of six disciplines: English, French, philosophy, geography, political science, and sociology. The relative magnitude of the contributions made by the three latent variables depended upon the discipline of interest, but generally size and research productivity were found to be more important than the quality of the program graduates.A previous version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Washington, D.C., 1987.     

A study of student outcomes and teacher characteristics in exemplary middle and junior high science programs

Recent efforts of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching (NARST) and the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) have encouraged collaborative “research partnerships” between university researchers and classroom science teachers. This research partners study, begun in 1987, examined student outcomes and teacher characteristics in middle/junior high exemplary programs identified by the NSTA's Search for Excellence in Science Education (SESE). A second year of the study has been completed involving SESE program teachers with similar instructional profiles. Using Iowa Test of Basic Skills and National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) items, key teachers in those SESE programs examined their seventh- and eighth-grade student outcomes in three domains: (a) knowledge, (b) attitudes, and (c) applications/connections. Results were compared with national populations. A similar study was conducted during the second year, involving teachers from the first year and additional teachers with instructional practice profiles similar to those in SESE programs. Teachers were surveyed using a questionnaire from the Report of the 1977 National Survey of Science, Mathematics and Social Studies Education Teachers (Weiss, 1978a) and supplemental questions (Bonnstetter, 1985). This study found that in exemplary middle/junior high programs: (a) as a group, students achieve high scores in science knowledge and maintain or develop positive attitudes toward science; and (b) students need opportunities to make connections between what they learn in science and personal responsibility.     

Facebook-Induced Motivation Shifts in a French Online Course

This study explores the effects of instructor’s self-disclosure using the Facebook social networking online platform on students’ motivation types in an online language course. The participants were 104 beginning French students enrolled in an online French course at a major research university in the southeast U.S. The participants were divided into a Facebook group, where they could access the instructor’s Facebook profile throughout the semester, and a control group. The Academic Motivation Scale (Noels, Pelletier, Clement, & Vallerand, 2003) was used for determining whether the participants were intrinsically or extrinsically motivated, anchoring this research within the Self-Determination Theory model (Deci & Ryan, 1985). Post-treatment results indicated that participants assigned to the Facebook group experienced a significant shift in motivation type that research has determined as being beneficial for language learning (Gardner, 1985). No such shift occurred in students assigned to the control group. This shift is of particular importance in an online course environment where the instructor’s Facebook profile was the only means of teacher’s self-disclosure unlike a face-to-face environment where teacher self-disclosure can occur spontaneously.     

第52届国际阿尔泰学会议综述

第52届国际阿尔泰学会议于2009年7月26日至31日在呼和浩特市举行。这是常设国际阿尔泰学会议自1957年成立以来第一次在中国大陆举行的年会,同时也是第一次在阿尔泰语系主要语言之一的蒙古语地区举办的年会。这次会议的召开不仅具有重要的学术意义,而且还有深远的历史意义。内蒙古大学和中国阿尔泰学会共同主办了本届会议。围绕“阿尔泰世界的神话与秘境”这一会议主题,来自欧洲、美洲及亚洲15个国家和地区的90余名学者发表了各自的研究成果。根据内容,提交会议的论文大致分为几类：（1）语言学研究论文。这类论文主要在蒙古、突厥、满一通古斯、契丹、日本等阿尔泰语系诸语言以及乌拉尔语系某些语言的语音、语法、词汇、词源、文字等领域进行了研究;（2）有关阿尔泰语系各民族神话传说、传统文化、生活习俗及宗教信仰的学术论文;（3）有关历史事件、历史人物和历史文献的学术论文;（4）有关阿尔泰语系诸民族文学艺术的学术论文。     

When Classroom Situation is the Unit of Analysis: The Potential Impact on Research in Mathematics Education

In this commentary, I will critically elaborate on the potential impact of the coordinated papers of this volume on further development of research in mathematics education. The papers, which share common theoretical frameworks, will be categorized into three different classes: ‘demolishers of illusions’, ‘economizers of thought’ and ‘energizers of practice’. I will analyze the role played by psychology and related sciences as a possible enrichment of the frameworks, especially where technologies are concerned. Finally, I will discuss the possible conflict between the need to consider the phenomena elicited in this kind of studies and the sophistication required by the theoretical constructs, which makes the results of these studies very difficult to communicate to the international community.     

Computer-Supported Instructional Communication: A Multidisciplinary Account of Relevant Factors

The papers in the present special issue summarize research that aims at compiling and understanding variables associated with successful communication in computer-supported instructional settings. Secondly, the papers add to the question of how adaptiveness of instructional communication may be achieved. A particular strength of the special issue is to bring together authors with diverse backgrounds within psychology and beyond. In this commentary, we introduce the central ideas of the special issue and give an overview of the papers.     

Key challenges and future directions for educational research on scientific argumentation

At the 2015 NARST: A Worldwide Organization for Improving Science Teaching and Learning Through Research Annual International Conference, a group of scholars held an extended pre‐conference workshop to discuss key challenges and future directions faced by argumentation researchers around the world. This wide‐ranging group of facilitators and participants represented varying perspectives and experiences with argumentation research. Learning artifacts from the workshop were collected and analyzed utilizing multiple qualitative coding techniques. Analysis of these artifacts revealed five major themes that emerged from the NARST workshop describing this group of scholars’ views on current issues and potential directions for the field of argumentation research. These themes center on: (i) establishing a classroom culture that values argumentation; (ii) how differing theoretical frameworks challenge how researchers communicate findings; (iii) the challenge of assessing various aspects of scientific argumentation in a valid and reliable fashion; (iv) pedagogical challenges in supporting student discourse and social collaboration; and (v) challenges concerning the professional development of teachers. Each of these themes is described using direct quotes from the workshop artifacts, and implications for future research in argumentation are discussed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 55: 5–18, 2018     

NARST: a lived history

In this Forum, we construct a history of the National Association for Research in Science Education (NARST) through the analysis of documents and through the personal perspectives of individuals. The history of NARST is inseparable from the biography of the individuals through whose lives it was produced and reproduced. The history of NARST is a living history that both shapes and was shaped by the biographies of its members.

Engagement as an inherent aspect of the learning process

This commentary describes the contribution of each individual paper to our understanding of engagement, as well as evaluating whether together these papers achieve the editor's goal of developing an emerging consensus on the meaning and measurement of this construct. Individually these papers extend our understanding of specific aspects of engagement and contextual effects on engagement in important ways, but together have fallen short of the ambitious goal of bringing the different conceptualizations, measurements, and methods into closer alignment. The commentary concludes with a discussion of three issues that need to be addressed in future research on engagement including: 1) examining the degree of overlap between engagement and self-regulation, 2) more clearly articulating the role of affect in engagement, and 3) describing the crucial role of goals in engagement and learning.     

Methodological progress in the study of self-regulated learning enables theory advancement

The collection of papers in this special issue demonstrates the level of methodological sophistication that has become characteristic of contemporary research on self-regulated learning. In this commentary I develop the argument that these methods can lead us not only to improved theoretical models but also to a new type of theory for SRL. In particular, multimodal and temporal methods provide us with an extended epistemic space for SRL research, a move from theories we could describe as ‘event-oriented’ toward those we might want to call ‘structure-oriented’. First, however, I take stock of the range of methods employed in the contributions to this issue.     

STEM导向的当代国际科学教育研究图景--基于NARST 2020年会的文本挖掘

科学教育是建设创新型国家以及呼应科教强国政策的根本,对于科技创新人才的培养至关重要。美国国家科学教学研究学会的年会代表了全球最高规格的科学教育研究盛典,基于NARST 2020年会报告题目和摘要,采用定性与定量相结合的文本分析法,依次进行了词频分析、主题建构和共现演化三个阶段的研究。研究发现:教师的教、学生的学、教师教育、课程评估、科学文化是本届科学教育年会五个研究领域,STEM是贯穿其中的核心议题。基于行为科学理论、活动理论和知识整合理论的管理学与教育学的跨学科研究框架和关键要素,可以把STEM研究划分为理论-实践、结构-功能,宏观-微观和心理-行动这八个维度构成的多元分析框架;无监督LDA主题模型的关系建模全面、清晰地确定了全球科学教育最新的六大研究主题的发展脉络与趋势;国际科学教育研究极为重视职前和职后教师教育,高质量的教师是科学教育改革的重要引擎和支撑,教师的教与学生的学是探究教学机制的关键。最后对西方思潮影响的中国科学教育改革提出了审思。     

Breaking with Tradition: A Scoping Meta-Analysis Analyzing the Effects of Student-Centered Learning and Computer-Aided Instruction on Student Performance in Anatomy

While prior meta-analyses in anatomy education have explored the effects of laboratory pedagogies and histology media on learner performance, the effects of student-centered learning (SCL) and computer-aided instruction (CAI) have not been broadly evaluated. This research sought to answer the question, “How effective are student-centered pedagogies and CAI at increasing student knowledge gains in anatomy compared to traditional didactic approaches?” Relevant studies published within the past 51 years were searched using five databases. Predetermined eligibility criteria were applied to the screening of titles and abstracts to discern their appropriateness for study inclusion. A summary effect size was estimated to determine the effects of SCL and CAI on anatomy performance outcomes. A moderator analysis of study features was also performed. Of the 3,035 records screened, 327 underwent full-text review. Seven studies, which comprised 1,564 participants, were included in the SCL analysis. An additional 19 studies analyzed the effects of CAI in the context of 2,570 participants. Upon comparing SCL to traditional instruction, a small positive effect on learner performance was detected (standardized mean difference (SMD = 0.24; [CI = 0.07, 0.42]; P = 0.006). Likewise, students with CAI exposure moderately outscored those with limited or no access to CAI (SMD = 0.59; [CI = 0.20, 0.98]; P = 0.003). Further analysis of CAI studies identified effects (P ≤ 0.001) for learner population, publication period, interventional approach, and intervention frequency. Overall, learners exposed to SCL and supplemental CAI outperformed their more classically-trained peers as evidenced by increases in short-term knowledge gains. Anat Sci Educ. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.     

大学生在线学习行为数据分享意愿研究

学习行为数据的来源是学习分析研究领域的重要分支之一。通过文献梳理和回顾,发现大学生在线学习行为数据分享意愿的研究有待深入。运用技术接受模型,选择网络隐私顾虑、信任、感知易用性和感知有用性为自变量,个人数据分享意愿为因变量构建了初始概念模型,并提出了相应的假设。为了检验这一概念模型,以抽样调查获取的206名商科类大学生的相关数据作为样本进行结构方程模型分析,并结合相关拟合指标对初始概念模型进行了修正。结论显示:感知易用性和网络隐私顾虑对个人数据分享意愿没有直接作用,但前者通过感知有用性和信任两个中介变量正向间接作用于个人数据分享意愿,后者通过信任作为中介变量负向间接作用于个人数据分享意愿;感知易用性对信任有较为显著的正向作用,网络隐私顾虑对信任有负向作用,但不显著;感知易用性对感知有用性有显著的正向作用。     

Scholar commentary

ABSTRACT

This commentary reflects upon the articles and purposes of this special issue, in the context of, growing numbers of students of color (SOCs) in K-12 schools who continue to be modally placed in classrooms with White teachers (e.g., Berry and Pour-Khorshid papers of this issue). Few institutional programs of Teacher Education seem able to effectually address this longstanding demographic challenge (e.g., Whitaker, et al. paper). Fewer still, impactfully retain SOCs for careers in K-12 settings (e.g., Morales paper). Nevertheless, second wave teacher identity studies are encouraging nuanced professional learning for White and other, K-12, candidates and teachers that encourages: critical consciousness about race and whiteness, metalogic talk about colorblindness, and closing the gap between rhetoric and genuinely antiracist actions in praxis with SOCs (e.g., Alvarez & Milner; Caldas; McManimon & Casey papers. Demonstrably, second-wave analyses are revealing much about evidentiary approaches for teacher education/learning that emphasize differential capacities for teaching SOCs. Nonetheless, further research is needed on strategies for addressing formidable challenges, such as those of defensiveness and White Fragility (e.g., Blaisedell paper). The papers of this special issue indicate that combining such research with ground-breaking approaches to race-visible education offers a promising path to the knowledge and praxis needed.     

Towards a science of motivated learning in technology-supported environments

This commentary reviews seven papers that study motivation with new media, contained in this special issue of Educational Technology Research & Development edited by Ruth Small. For each paper, this commentary summarizes exemplary contributions, offers an assessment of what is exciting, and suggests directions for future research. Some exciting contributions include using new media in an attempt to promote motivation such as game-making, collaborative wiki construction, and interaction with onscreen agents. Some important challenges for future research on motivation with new media are to develop testable theories and to collect evidence based on rigorous methodologies including evidence concerning the relation between motivation and learning outcomes     

基于web的智能辅助教学系统的多模式研究

随着多媒体、超媒体以及网络技术的发展,基于网络的应用得到了快速的发展。CAI应用发展的一个主要方向就是网络智能计算机辅助教学（ICAI）,它能为人们相互学习交流、共享网络资源提供更大的方便。理想的智能教学系统应能提供多种教学模式及相应教学内容,适应不同学生的学习风格和满足不同学生的学习兴趣和需求,对学生实施个性化的教学。     

人大复印报刊资料《教育学》2009年度转载论文分析与综述

通过对中国人民大学复印报刊资料《教育学》转载论文的统计分析,可以看到,2009年教育学研究在宏观上体现在对我国及域外教育改革的总结与述评,在微观上聚焦于教育法律研究、德育社会学、教学与课程研究、教育史、教师专业化等方面。在未来教育学研究的发展中,应着力于对已有改革成果的巩固与改进,寻求教师专业化基本理论的突破,进一步探索学校办学体制的新出路。