The paradoxical relationship between fantasy football and NFL consumption: Conflict development and consumer coping mechanisms

Fantasy sport participation represents an increasingly popular consumer experience among the contemporary sport consumption alternatives. Previous work on fantasy sports draws attention to both its positive and negative effects on traditional sport consumption. This study investigates fantasy football participants’ perspectives, meanings, and experiences regarding their fantasy football and NFL consumption behavior. Employing a grounded theory methodology, the study draws on literatures spanning from sport consumption and fantasy sports to consumer co-creation and intrapersonal conflict, and combines them with data collection and analysis. The outcome is a new organizing framework that illustrates why there is conflict between fantasy and favorite team fandom and how fantasy sport participants cope with this conflict. First, the study illustrates that this conflict stems from the non-traditional co-creation opportunities inherent in the empowering fantasy sports experience, which leads to a psychological connection to the fantasy team and players through the feeling of self-achievement. Second, the study identifies various coping strategies that sport consumers employ to manage conflicts with player selection (i.e., safe selection, convergent selection, divergent selection, and impartial selection strategies) and rooting interests (i.e., balanced interest, principal interest-shift, temporal interest-shift, and benefit-seeking interest-shift strategies).     

冰雪体育广告对消费行为的影响研究:基于态度的调节效应

体育消费者的消费行为决定了体育产业的发展趋势,其对推动体育消费增长、体育产业结构升级以及实现体育产业经济效益的最大化均具有重要的影响。该研究从冰雪体育消费者视角出发,从媒介传播的角度切入,通过构建冰雪体育广告对消费行为影响效果的概念模型,着重探讨了不同类型的冰雪体育广告对消费行为的影响以及态度在这个影响过程中的调节效应。研究主要采用逐步回归分析、简单斜率分析等方法对相关研究假设进行了检验,结果发现:电视网络广告、印刷广告、广播广告以及场地广告均可以正向影响冰雪体育消费者的消费行为;态度调节了电视网络广告或场地广告与冰雪体育消费者消费行为之间的关系,具体表现为,高态度条件下电视网络广告或场地广告对冰雪体育消费者消费行为的正向影响效果均大于低态度条件;态度在印刷广告或广播广告影响冰雪体育消费者消费行为的过程中并不存在显著的调节作用。     

阳光体育运动对大学生锻炼态度及身体自尊的影响

探讨阳光体育运动对大学生锻炼态度及身体自尊的影响。采用《锻炼态度量表》及《身体自尊量表》(PSPP)对阳光体育运动的参与者80人、非参与者80人进行测试研究。结果:(1)8周阳光体育运动对参与者锻炼态度总分影响达到显著水平(P<0.05),行为态度、主观标准影响非常显著(P<0.01),在目标态度、行为认知、行为习惯、行为意向方面达到显著水平(P<0.05),在情感体现、行为控制感方面有一定影响,但未达到显著水平;非参与者锻炼态度无明显变化。(2)8周阳光体育运动对参与者PSPP总分影响达到显著水平(P<0.05),其中身体自我价值感、运动能力、身体素质影响显著(P<0.05),身体状况、身体吸引力影响非常显著(P<0.01);非参与者无明显变化。结论:阳光体育运动促进大学生身体自尊各方面均有上升趋势;有效改善大学生锻炼态度,增强其参与意识、影响其锻炼行为。     

Understanding the consequences of victory amongst sport spectators: The mediating role of BIRGing

Prior work on the relationships between team identification and spectators’ reactions to one's team victory has largely neglected the potential effects of mediating variables. In this research, we proposed that the process of Basking in Reflected Glory [BIRGing – the tendency to reduce the distance between oneself and one's team; Cialdini, R. B., Bordon, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., &; Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366–375] would lead spectators to almost take ownership of victories and share its benefits, thereby impacting their sense of national belonging in a positive manner. To this end, participants (N?=?73) were asked to watch an edited video clip showing a victory of the French national rugby team playing against South Africa. As expected, results revealed that BIRGing mediated the relationship between team identification and one's sense of national belonging. In closing, a number of implications are discussed along with future research avenues pertaining to the sport spectatorship literature.     

中国体育形象的媒介构建探析——以中国足球形象的媒介构建为例

以传播学的基本理论解析体育形象与大众媒介之间的关系。通过定量分析的方法研究中国足球媒介形象构建的具体表现,并结合议程设置、定性化效应等相关理论探析中国足球形象媒介构建的内在机制。在此基础上,提出中国体育形象构建的建议。     

“Macro-structure” of developmental participation histories and “micro-structure” of practice of German female world-class and national-class football players

The study examined the “micro-structure” of football practice and the “macro-structure” of participation history of female professional football players. Participants were 29 German 1st league (Bundesliga) players, 14 of whom played on the senior national team (Olympic Champion in 2016). A questionnaire recorded the players’ positions, proportions of physical conditioning, drill-type skill exercises and playing forms within coach-led football practice, and the volume of coach-led practice and peer-led play, in both football and other sports, from childhood to adulthood. Analyses revealed that most athletes played various attacker and defender positions during development. National team players differed from their Bundesliga peers by less physical conditioning and greater proportions of playing forms within football practice. National team players also accumulated less total football practice until age 18 years, but more peer-led football and coach-led practice in other sports compared to their Bundesliga counterparts. Based on these variables, a binary logistic regression classified 93% of the national team and Bundesliga players correctly. Conclusion: A combination of long-term coach-led football practice involving a relatively large proportion of playing forms with considerable childhood/adolescent peer-led football play and coach-led practice in other sports may have facilitated adult performance among German female world-class football players.     

冬奥背景下我国大众滑雪消费行为意向研究--以崇礼地区为例

在改进计划行为理论(TPB)基础上,引入人口特征和雪上运动文化变量,构建了滑雪消费行为意向结构方程模型,以崇礼地区为例检验影响我国大众滑雪消费行为意向的主要因素。结果表明:行为态度、感知行为控制、雪上运动文化会对滑雪消费行为意向产生显著的正向影响,主观规范会通过行为态度间接影响行为意向。行为态度在雪上运动文化与消费行为意向之间起到部分中介作用。因此应发挥冬奥会社会效益,加强滑雪知识普及,积极宣传雪上运动文化,降低滑雪运动门槛,促进需求侧消费升级,从而推动滑雪产业可持续发展。     

社会网络分析在团队运动表现中的应用:研究综述

描述和评价了社会网络分析在团队运动表现中的应用情况。研究采用引文追溯法对文献进行检索,共进行5轮,检索引文3 698篇,最终有74篇文献纳入研究。研究显示,社会网络分析在团队运动表现中的应用是一个新兴现象,相关研究呈现出快速发展的趋势。在已有的实证研究中,将团队运动中的互动行为概念化为一个网络,并从宏观、中观和微观的视角分别概述了网络结构对认识团队运动互动行为的有用见解,验证了社会网络分析在足球等8个不同团队运动中应用的可行性。社会网络分析作为传统运动标注分析的补充被证明是一种有效的研究工具,改变了原有方法将比赛事件从比赛环境中独立出来的研究范式。在对球员互动结构静态属性分析的基础上,未来研究应进一步深入讨论这种互动结构的动态属性,以及多重网络对团队表现的影响。     

社会网络分析在团队运动表现中的应用:研究综述

描述和评价了社会网络分析在团队运动表现中的应用情况。研究采用引文追溯法对文献进行检索,共进行5轮,检索引文3 698篇,最终有74篇文献纳入研究。研究显示,社会网络分析在团队运动表现中的应用是一个新兴现象,相关研究呈现出快速发展的趋势。在已有的实证研究中,将团队运动中的互动行为概念化为一个网络,并从宏观、中观和微观的视角分别概述了网络结构对认识团队运动互动行为的有用见解,验证了社会网络分析在足球等8个不同团队运动中应用的可行性。社会网络分析作为传统运动标注分析的补充被证明是一种有效的研究工具,改变了原有方法将比赛事件从比赛环境中独立出来的研究范式。在对球员互动结构静态属性分析的基础上,未来研究应进一步深入讨论这种互动结构的动态属性,以及多重网络对团队表现的影响。     

The carbon footprint of active sport participants

Researchers examining carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions (carbon footprint) in sport have focused on sport events and, to a lesser extent, sport teams, but provided only average or aggregate values. The author takes the perspective of active sport participants and considers the heterogeneity of individual sport participation behavior. Using online surveys, adult active sport participants (n = 6537) in 20 different sports with main residence in Germany were asked to report their sport-travel behavior in 2015, including traveling in the context of regular (weekly) activity, sport competitions/tournaments, league games, day trips, and training camps/vacations. Annual carbon footprints were estimated using information about travel distances and transportation means. The results revealed an average annual carbon footprint of 844 kg of carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions, with individual sports producing more emissions than team/racket sports. Participants in nature sports had the highest emission levels. Regression analyses revealed that environmental consciousness significantly reduced carbon footprint in individual sports, but not in team/racket and nature sports, supporting the existence of an environmental value-action gap. Activity years, club membership, weekly exercise hours, performance level, and income were mainly positively associated with annual carbon footprint, while gender was insignificant. The findings have implications for policy makers and managers in sport associations and clubs.     

When Will China Win the World Cup? A Study of China’s Youth Football Development

Abstract

What is embarrassing for Chinese sports is that the supply of the sports cannot meet the needs of people with the rapid development in almost every field of sport in China. Furthermore, teenage sport has deteriorated year on year and is very short of backup talents in competitive sports. Faced with China’s devastated football, the appropriate attitude is neither seeking quick success and instant benefits nor ignoring it; the urgent thing for this moment is to establish a feasible and sustainable football system. An analysis of the history of Chinese football, the strategy of football development by the country’s leaders, and the policy of Youth Campus Football in 2009, coupled with sports humanism, suggests that the future lies in instilling a sharing sports concept, promoting the joint efforts of school, society, and family.     

从足球劳动争议司法实践看中国足球仲裁的确立

我国足球劳动争议的解决面临着两难的境地。一方面,新修订的《中华人民共和国体育法》虽推动了体育仲裁制度的落地,但其明确将劳动争议排除在体育仲裁范围外,而能够受理足球劳动争议的足协内部争端解决机构并非体育仲裁机构;另一方面,有权处理劳动争议的劳动仲裁委员会和法院不存在适用行业规则取代劳动立法的空间,无力解决此类行业争议中的特殊问题。秉承行业自治理念,我国法院在司法实践中以全国单项体育协会具有行业管理权为由拒绝受理。作为属人法的体现,业内争议解决机制乃是行业自治的有机组成。由此法院的态度发生根本性的转变,为中国足球仲裁的确立提供契机。然而中国足球仲裁之证成亟待明确其存在的正当性,并处理好与国内劳动仲裁、国际足联争端解决机制之间的关系。为构建具有中国特色的足球争端解决机制,亦有必要从内部治理、仲裁员选任、裁决的法律适用以及透明度等方面加以改进。     

社会足球青训机构教练员能力因素的研究

该文采用逻辑分析法和文献资料法来进行社会足球青训机构教练员能力因素的研究。社会足球青训机构教练员是足球教练员这个群体中的一个分类,随着草根足球和校园足球在中国的不断发展,社会足球青训机构教练员的数量正在不断增加。现阶段,社会足球青训机构教练员是绝大部分青少年的“足球启蒙教练”,因此对其能力因素的研究十分重要。该文以社会足球青训机构教练员为研究对象,研究了其指导运动训练能力、临场指挥比赛能力、团队管理能力和影响能力的综合因素。通过研究发现社会足球青训机构教练员需要各种能力,但最为重要的是指导运动训练的能力。     

校园足球在培养小学生体育核心素养中作用的探讨

近年来,核心素养一词被越来越多的人熟知,学生核心素养的培养是各国基础教育和课程改革的趋势。每个学科有各自要培养学生应具备的核心素养,体育学科要培养学生的体育核心素养。体育核心素养主要包括运动能力、健康行为、体育品德三方面,而足球作为一项团队型竞技项目,在校园足球开展得如火如荼的大背景下,足球教学对学生的体育核心素养有哪些作用,值得深入、细致研究。     

The NASCAR experience: Examining the influence of fantasy sport participation on ‘non-fans’

While NASCAR has traditionally been among the most watched sports in the US, the brand has suffered due to economic conditions and waning interest. As a result, NASCAR has focused its promotional efforts on new marketing and revenue-generating strategies to raise awareness of the sport. One way to increase awareness is through fantasy sports, which have seen a marked uptick in global popularity. However, using fantasy sports to activate involvement among self-described non-fans of a particular sport remains a relatively unexplored area. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of fantasy sports on attitude and certain behavioral factors using a mixed-method, comparison group design. Employing the path analytic model to examine relationships among variables, results indicate significant differences between study conditions and regression analyses show how patronage intentions were influenced. Focus group data buttress the quantitative results and support the use of fantasy sports as a way to convert self-identified sport non-fans into involved fans.     

以和谐社会的理念指导运动队建设

为了加强运动队的建设,采用树立理念和从实际出发等方法,分析了运动队中不同群体的特点和诉求,各种矛盾与冲突的来源及表现,认为运动队以运动员、教练员和工作人员为主体,三方人员不同的身份和职责有不同的诉求,彼此之间的互动构成运动队中的主要矛盾和冲突。从树立正确态度、加强制度建设和开展励志教育等方面探讨了解决运动队矛盾和冲突的途径。     

Effects of emphasising opposition and cooperation on collective movement behaviour during football small-sided games

ABSTRACT

Optimizing collective behaviour helps to increase performance in mutual tasks. In team sports settings, the small-sided games (SSG) have been used as key context tools to stress out the players’ awareness about their in-game required behaviours. Research has mostly described these behaviours when confronting teams have the same number of players, disregarding the frequent situations of low and high inequality. This study compared the players’ positioning dynamics when manipulating the number of opponents and teammates during professional and amateur football SSG. The participants played 4v3, 4v5 and 4v7 games, where one team was confronted with low-superiority, low- and high-inferiority situations, and their opponents with low-, medium- and high-cooperation situations. Positional data were used to calculate effective playing space and distances from each player to team centroid, opponent team centroid and nearest opponent. Outcomes suggested that increasing the number of opponents in professional teams resulted in moderate/large decrease in approximate entropy (ApEn) values to both distance to team and opponent team centroid (i.e., the variables present higher regularity/predictability pattern). In low-cooperation game scenarios, the ApEn in amateurs’ tactical variables presented a moderate/large increase. The professional teams presented an increase in the distance to nearest opponent with the increase of the cooperation level. Increasing the number of opponents was effective to overemphasise the need to use local information in the positioning decision-making process from professionals. Conversely, amateur still rely on external informational feedback. Increasing the cooperation promoted more regularity in spatial organisation in amateurs and emphasise their players’ local perceptions.     

The success culture of Nordic football: the cases of the national men’s teams of Norway in the 1990s and Iceland in the 2010s

Abstract

Every now and then – but with surprising regularity – small nations break through to the international level in sports and attract the attention of the global sports world. This paper focuses on two such occasions in men’s international football: the Norwegian national team in the 1990s and Iceland’s national team in the 2010s. We conducted case studies of the two teams, which consisted of interviews, observation of games and published material. The key emerging themes were how sport successes in Norway and Iceland took place amid the developing professionalism of sport, and how both teams built on important elements from amateurism and professionalism in their successful sporting conquests. We argue that some of the team’s characteristics were founded in a specifically Nordic mentality, which at the right time with the right message manifests in great achievements. Finally, the study follows the decay of the Norwegian national team in the new millennium and suggests that Icelandic football could face the same decline in results as Norway did 20 years earlier.     

生态视域下我国青少年校园足球的发展路径研究

本研究以"生态学"理论为支撑点,从影响校园足球发展的三个方面即自然、社会、文化生态环境进行了多层次、多角度的探讨。建议:消除认知差距,整合思路。须建立教育部门为主导,体育部门为辅的管理模式。须明确校园足球发展的第一要义是扩大足球人口、提高学生身体素质,在此基础上宽口径的选拔运动苗子;在培养优秀运动苗子的过程中要树立"人本主义"培养观;各布点学校要积极开设足球特色"校本课程",教育部应组织专家编制全国校园足球统一训练大纲;加大对高水平教练员人力资本的投入,加大对校园足球教师或教练员的培训进修力度;加大文化传媒对校园足球的宣传力度等发展路径,从而为我国校园足球的可持续发展提供理论借鉴。