公安情报学与情报学的关系研究

关于公安情报学与情报学的关系学术界存在两种截然相反的观点:一是公安情报学是情报学的分支学科;二是公安情报学与情报学无从属关系,公安情报学应完全脱离情报学进行专业建设。文章从学科名称、产生背景、历史渊源、研究对象、研究内容、学科定位、学科重点、实践工作、方法技术、基础学科与学科建制等多方面对两者异同与关系作了分析,据此指出:两种观点各有其合理性,但也有失偏颇,公安情报学与情报学关系密切亦有较大区别,公安情报学不宜作为情报学的分支学科而应作为公安学的分支学科进行建设,但也不能完全脱离情报学,情报学是公安情报学重要的基础学科。     

IBM's Chess Players: On AI and Its Supplements

This article investigates the ways in which the reporting of technological developments in artificial intelligence (AI) can serve as occasions in which Occidental modernity's cultural antinomies are played out. It takes as its reference point the two chess tournaments (in 1996 and 1997) between the then world champion Gary Kasparov and the IBM dedicated chess computers Deep Blue and Deeper Blue and shows how these games of chess came to be seen as an arena where fundamental issues pertaining to human identity were contested. The article considers the dominant framing of these encounters in terms of a conflict between two opposed categories—“human” and “machine”—and argues the essential role of human agency, the human supplement, in the performances of machine intelligence.     

IBM's Chess Players: On AI and Its Supplements

This article investigates the ways in which the reporting of technological developments in artificial intelligence (AI) can serve as occasions in which Occidental modernity's cultural antinomies are played out. It takes as its reference point the two chess tournaments (in 1996 and 1997) between the then world champion Gary Kasparov and the IBM dedicated chess computers Deep Blue and Deeper Blue and shows how these games of chess came to be seen as an arena where fundamental issues pertaining to human identity were contested. The article considers the dominant framing of these encounters in terms of a conflict between two opposed categories—“human” and “machine”—and argues the essential role of human agency, the human supplement, in the performances of machine intelligence.     

What is it about humanity that we can’t give away to intelligent machines? A European perspective

One of the most significant recent technological developments concerns the development and implementation of ‘intelligent machines’ that draw on recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. However, there are growing tensions between human freedoms and machine controls. This article reports the findings of a workshop that investigated the application of the principles of human freedom throughout intelligent machine development and use. Forty IS researchers from ten different countries discussed four contemporary AI and humanity issues and the most relevant IS domain challenges. This article summarizes their experiences and opinions regarding four AI and humanity themes: Crime & conflict, Jobs, Attention, and Wellbeing. The outcomes of the workshop discussions identify three attributes of humanity that need preservation: a critique of the design and application of AI, and the intelligent machines it can create; human involvement in the loop of intelligent machine decision-making processes; and the ability to interpret and explain intelligent machine decision-making processes. The article provides an agenda for future AI and humanity research.     

视图辅助情报融合分析方法研究

[目的/意义]针对情报分析领域中的情报转化理论不够完善、不能有效指导实际项目中信息与情报、人工与机器之间融合和转化的问题,对情报转化理论做了创新发展并在实践中得到了验证。[方法/过程]该研究基于情报转化理论、知识资本构成理论、知识价值转化理论提出了情报融合分析方法,把情报分析项目中的小组、人员、工时、操作步骤投射为三维空间中的数据视图、信息视图、情报视图,这样可以可视化地描述情报分析过程,实现信息与情报、人工与机器的有机融合和相互转化。[结果/结论]最后以各国安全指数为例演示了这种方法,说明它可以解决复杂情报分析项目的问题,减少工时、提高效率。     

论信息时代的竞争情报教育--从竞争情报教育的主体、客体、环境角度的分析

随着经济的全球化和信息时代的到来 ,竞争情报对一国国民经济的发展起着日益重要的作用。针对我国竞争情报教育的现状 ,本文从竞争情报教育的主体、客体、环境 3个方面分析了如何加强信息时代的竞争情报教育。     

The Turing Triage Test

If, as a number of writers have predicted, the computers of the future will possess intelligence and capacities that exceed our own then it seems as though they will be worthy of a moral respect at least equal to, and perhaps greater than, human beings. In this paper I propose a test to determine when we have reached that point. Inspired by Alan Turing’s (1950) original “Turing test”, which argued that we would be justified in conceding that machines could think if they could fill the role of a person in a conversation, I propose a test for when computers have achieved moral standing by asking when a computer might take the place of a human being in a moral dilemma, such as a “triage” situation in which a choice must be made as to which of two human lives to save. We will know that machines have achieved moral standing comparable to a human when the replacement of one of these people with an artificial intelligence leaves the character of the dilemma intact. That is, when we might sometimes judge that it is reasonable to preserve the continuing existence of a machine over the life of a human being. This is the “Turing Triage Test”. I argue that if personhood is understood as a matter of possessing a set of important cognitive capacities then it seems likely that future AIs will be able to pass this test. However this conclusion serves as a reductio of this account of the nature of persons. I set out an alternative account of the nature of persons, which places the concept of a person at the centre of an interdependent network of moral and affective responses, such as remorse, grief and sympathy. I argue that according to this second, superior, account of the nature of persons, machines will be unable to pass the Turing Triage Test until they possess bodies and faces with expressive capacities akin to those of the human form.     

科技伦理视角下的人工智能研究

人工智能在深刻影响人类社会生产生活方式的同时,也引发诸多伦理困境与挑战,建立新的科技伦理规范以推动人工智能更好服务人类,成为全社会共同关注的主题。本文从科技伦理的视角,围绕机器人、算法、大数据、无人驾驶等人工智能领域所出现的伦理主体、责任分担、技术安全、歧视与公平性、隐私与数据保护等问题,以及人工智能技术的伦理治理,对国内外相关研究成果进行回顾分析,并提出未来需要在中国情境下伦理原则与治理体系的建立、人工智能伦理研究的跨学科合作、理论分析与实践案例的融合、多元主体伦理角色分工与协作等方面进行进一步研究。     

Cookies, web bugs, webcams and cue cats: Patterns of surveillance on the world wide web

This article addresses the question of whetherpersonal surveillance on the world wide web isdifferent in nature and intensity from that inthe offline world. The article presents aprofile of the ways in which privacy problemswere framed and addressed in the 1970s and1990s. Based on an analysis of privacy newsstories from 1999–2000, it then presents atypology of the kinds of surveillance practicesthat have emerged as a result of Internetcommunications. Five practices are discussedand illustrated: surveillance by glitch,surveillance by default, surveillance bydesign, surveillance by possession, andsurveillance by subject. The article offerssome tentative conclusions about theprogressive latency of tracking devices, aboutthe complexity created by multi-sourcing, aboutthe robustness of clickstream data, and aboutthe erosion of the distinction between themonitor and the monitored. These trendsemphasize the need to reject analysis thatframes our understanding of Internetsurveillance in terms of its impact onsociety. Rather the Internet should beregarded as a form of life whose evolvingstructure becomes embedded in humanconsciousness and social practice, and whosearchitecture embodies an inherent valence thatis gradually shifting away from the assumptionsof anonymity upon which the Internet wasoriginally designed.     

试论社会预测的主客体互动反射性原理

以往对社会预测基本原理的研究忽略了一条重要的基本原理，即社会预测的主客体互动反射性原理。这一原理是由社会预测与自然预测的根本性区别决定的，因而是社会预测必须遵守的一个方法论原则。本文以实证分析和理论推导相结合的方式，阐释了社会预测客体因应现象的普遍性，以及社会预测主客体之间的互动反射性现象，进而揭示和论证了社会预测的主客体互动反射性原理。     

浅谈主客体及其相互关系

主体和客体是一对哲学范畴。在人类社会发展的历史进程中,充满着主客体的矛盾和相互作用。主客体之间具有对立统一的实践关系、交互作用的价值关系和双向建构的发展关系。主客体的协调统一是推动社会进步、构建和谐社会的根本动因。     

Representations or people?

Most guidelines and proposalsfor Internet research ethics are based onregulations for human subjects research. In therelated research, Internet material is viewedas animate and described as people. Humanitiesresearchers have rarely been a part of thedebate about Internet research ethics and thepractices of these scholars have not been takeninto consideration when drafting most of theguidelines. This threatens to limit the kindsof Internet research that can be performed – critical strategies are particularlydiscouraged – and the ways that researchers andother users understand the Internet.Researchers who use human subjects models havenot fully acknowledged computer mediation, theconstructed aspects of Internetrepresentations, and the screen. If we viewInternet material as cultural production thenthe models for Internet research would be ArtHistory and Visual Culture, English andLiterary Studies, Film and Media Studies, Musicand Sound Studies, and Theatre and PerformanceStudies. A more complete integration of theseapproaches into Internet Studies – either as asole investigatory strategy or in tandem withother forms of inquiry – would changeresearchers' ethical questions. It would alsoshow instances in which human subjectsguidelines do not apply to complex Internetmaterial. It is imperative to demonstrate thatInternet material is not people because thisconception makes highly constructed words andimages seem natural and stereotypedrepresentations appear to be real.     

The Chinese river dolphin, Lipotes vexillifer

The river dolphins, of which there are now five species, are among the world's most endangered animals. This article describes the steps that have been taken — based on systematic study of its anatomy, ecology, and breeding and behavioural habits — to preserve the rare Chinese river dolphin. This is now limited to about 300 individuals in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River.     

新科技革命与三元融合社会——关于雄安新区建设的宏观思考

从大历史观角度来看,文明进步、发展模式、世界格局、科技创新、中国发展都处在重大转折期。全球创新活动进入一个新的密集期,绿色、健康、智能引领创新方向,人工智能、新能源技术、新生物技术等多点突破、交叉汇聚,颠覆性技术不断涌现,新科技革命加速产业变革。以人为本的人机物三元融合社会孕育兴起,人与自然和谐相处,成为伙伴关系;人工智能等新科技将改变人与机器的关系,可能使机器从人类的工具和从属,逐步上升为伙伴。雄安新区因疏解而生、应创新而起、逐智能而强,新一轮科技革命和产业变革是雄安新区建设最大的变量和增量,在未来建设中,应采取"国家创新特区"的体制,充分用好新科技革命的成果,积极探索人机物三元融合社会下的未来城市新形态。     

我国企业竞争情报系统建设和应用现状调查分析

通过对1999—2008年期间我国280多家企业建设和应用竞争情报系统状况进行全面调查分析,得出目前国内企业竞争情报系统建设和应用总体上尚处于初级发展阶段,系统建设大多集中在信息技术、机械制造、化工和制药等少数工业制造业,应用领域主要关注投资机会和市场营销状况等方面的一些短期情报,而且企业竞争情报系统建设和应用在不同地区间的发展差距也较大,其数量呈现出由东、中、西逐次减少等结论。     

Of atoms, oaks, and cannibals; or, more things that talk

While literary works are often treated as museum pieces, an alternative Romantic/ Pragmatic aesthetic emphasizes instead the rootedness of all texts in lived experience. This suggests that both literary and scientific texts may be approached as performances that weave together discursive and material elements, giving language to matter, both making, and becoming, "things that talk." Three authors are contrasted: Emerson uses natural objects as metaphors to complete his thought; Thoreau uses natural objects as mediators who enroll him to speak for them in the name of a wider ecology; Humboldt attempts to enroll nonhumans, namely cannibals, into the global civil community by asking them to speak for themselves. The resulting quandary unsettles the Cartesian boundary between human and nonhuman, subject and object; as scholars divided by this boundary, we must multiply our own relations, the better to understand the ties that bind us into the common project of building the Cosmos.     

面向国家生物安全治理的情报工作研究

[目的/意义]生物安全问题牵涉国家安全的诸多方面,生物安全治理须置于总体国家安全观下予以考量。英美俄等传统情报强国都十分重视生物安全领域的情报工作,我国生物安全治理中的情报工作亟待加强。[方法/过程]文章基于对生物安全治理的情报融合需求分析,阐明了国家生物安全治理中情报工作的复杂性。借鉴传统情报强国的实践经验,从情报硬实力和软实力两方面入手,分析我国生物安全治理中的情报工作重点问题,并提出具体建议。[结果/结论]提升我国生物安全治理中的情报工作水平,一方面应着眼于先进科学技术和工具方法在情报工作中的应用及创新;另一方面,要从制度层面对其进行战略定位和法律确位,并促进执行合力的形成。     

Chinese Media,Global Contexts,edited by Chin-Chuan Lee. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. xii + 275 pp. $95.00 cloth. ISBN 0-415-30334-6

Abstract

Several information processing technologies which are capable of augmenting human performance in handling a range of emergency situations are featured in this discussion. Among the more sophisticated systems which have proven useful in enhancing information collection, transmission, and selective processing are packet radio networks, “expert planning systems,” multiple‐satellite technology, and such related emerging developments as “internetting” and “machine intelligence.”     

企业竞争情报安全问题研究

本文将有关竞争情报及竞争情报安全的研究论文进行统计分析,针对目前的发展趋势提出企业竞争情报的安全问题。利用人——机系统理论,把影响企业竞争情报安全的主因素分为人、机和环境3个方面,在对企业竞争情报安全因素分析的基础上,提出企业规避竞争情报安全的各种行之有效的措施。