论技术与自然规律

 从规律论的视角看技术,技术是人工控制条件下自然规律的定向作用。在技术系统中,自然规律及其作用方式被人为地选择和限定,从而依赖于人的活动。技术发展要求不断推进科学研究,在进一步揭示和掌握自然规律的基础上来实现技术进步。     

论大科学装置的公共品性质

大科学装置在中国一直被默认为公共品,在简单套用现有公共品理论进行分析的情况下,可以发现大科学装置具有很强的私人品性质,这造成了理论与实践之间的矛盾和张力。通过对已有理论的回顾,提出一个修正的公共品界定方式,认为"非竞争属性"和"非排他手段"是物品得以转变为公共品的主要依据。基于这个修正的界定方式指出,"知识生产和扩散"是大科学装置的"非竞争属性",系统的法律政策体系和灵活的管理体制机制是实现大科学装置"非竞争属性"的"非排他手段"。最后,在这个视角下,分析美国和中国在大科学装置建设及运营上的区别,并提出相关政策建议。     

On the syndemic nature of crises: A Freeman perspective

In this paper we draw a parallel between the insights developed within the framework of the current COVID-19 health crisis and the views and insights developed with respect to the long term environmental crisis, the implications for science, technology and innovation (STI) policy, Christopher Freeman analyzed already in the early 90′s. With at the time of writing, the COVID-19 pandemic entering in many countries a third wave with a very differentiated implementation path of vaccination across rich and poor countries, drawing such a parallel remains of course a relatively speculative exercise. Nevertheless, based on the available evidence of the first wave of the pandemic, we feel confident that some lessons from the current health crisis and its parallels with the long-term environmental crisis can be drawn. The COVID-19 pandemic has also been described as a “syndemic”: a term popular in medical anthropology which marries the concept of ‘synergy’ with ‘epidemic’ and provides conceptually an interesting background for these posthumous Freeman reflections on crises. The COVID-19 crisis affects citizens in very different and disproportionate ways. It results not only in rising structural inequalities among social groups and classes, but also among generations. In the paper, we focus on the growing inequality within two particular groups: youngsters and the impact of COVID-19 on learning and the organization of education; and as mirror picture, the elderly many of whom witnessed despite strict confinement in long-term care facilities, high mortality following the COVID-19 outbreak. From a Freeman perspective, these inequality consequences of the current COVID-19 health crisis call for new social STI policies: for a new “corona version” of inclusion versus exclusion.