Bakelite,a condensation product of phenols and formaldehyde,and its uses

Bakelite is a liquid compound of phenol and formaldehyde which on solidification resembles amber in appearance and when used in combination with wood, paper, asbestos, graphite and other substances produces a solid non-resistant, non-inflammable insulating material which promises to have many applications in various industries.     

The freedoms of software and its ethical uses

The “free” in “free software” refers to a cluster of four specific freedoms identified by the Free Software Definition. The first freedom, termed “Freedom Zero,” intends to protect the right of the user to deploy software in whatever fashion, towards whatever end, he or she sees fit. But software may be used to achieve ethically questionable ends. This highlights a tension in the provision of software freedoms: while the definition explicitly forbids direct restrictions on users’ freedoms, it does not address other means by which software may indirectly restrict freedoms. In particular, ethically-inflected debate has featured prominently in the discussion of restrictions on digital rights management and privacy-violating code in version 3 of the GPL (GPLv3). The discussion of this proposed language revealed the spectrum of ethical positions and valuations held by members of the free software community. In our analysis, we will provide arguments for upholding Freedom Zero; we embed the problem of possible uses of software in the broader context of the uses of scientific knowledge, and go on to argue that the provision of Freedom Zero mitigates against too great a moral burden—of anticipating possible uses of software—being placed on the programmer and that, most importantly, it facilitates deliberative discourse in the free software community.     

A comparative study of new venture top management team composition, dynamics and performance between university-based and independent start-ups

The current study tests for differences in top management team (TMT) composition (education, functional expertise, industry experience, and skill), dynamics (shared strategic cognition, potency, cohesion, and conflict) and performance (net cash flow and revenue growth) between a sample of 102 high-technology university-based start-ups and an otherwise equivalently matched sample of 154 independent high-technology new ventures. The results find university-based start-ups to be comprised of more homogenous TMTs with less developed dynamics than their independent counterparts. Further, university-based start-ups are found to be significantly lower performing in terms of net cash flow and revenue growth than independent new ventures.     

中风病及其并发症实用灸疗方法简介

通过文献收集,整理了中风先兆、中风病各期及中风并发症近30种实用的灸疗防治方法;重点介绍了"取穴和操作方法",兼及"疗程、应用病症或机理";以期提供广大群众中风病防治较全面的、有价值的、也合理的实用或家庭适用灸疗方法。     

三重螺旋模型及其在我国的应用初探

在知识经济背景下,三重螺旋模型强调"产官学"三方的互动关系。该模型指出,大学在经济和技术创新中应承担更多的任务,还主张通过"产官学"合作来推动知识发展和产业化。本文简要回顾该模型的主要内容和理论结构,并介绍国内相关研究和实践经验。基于此,本文认为三重螺旋模型形成于发达国家和高技术产业背景,在我国创新实践中应当谨慎地吸收和采用。     

中国R&D投入及其内部结构的比较研究

通过对中国RD活动的投入及其内部结构的比较分析,研究发现中国RD活动的内部结构正在不断优化,但仍然存在RD经费投入强度低且三类活动投入比重不平衡、RD人员数量少且学历结构不合理、东中西部RD投入差距大且中西部RD活动进展速度缓慢、RD投入的省际差距较大的问题。针对这些问题,提出需要进一步平衡RD三类活动的投入比重,优化RD从业人员学历结构,建设产学研资源共享平台,加强政府的调节和衔接作用等建议。     

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷片钠铝石的碳氧同位素组成及流体来源探讨

作为胶结物或交代自生矿物,片钠铝石（分子式为NaAlCO3（OH）2）大量发育于海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷下白垩统南屯组、大磨拐河组砂岩中.根据片钠铝石稳定同位素组成,探讨了片钠铝石中碳的来源.片钠铝石的δ^13C分布连续,其范围为-5.253‰～-1.210‰（PDB）,δ^18O分布范围为-24.896‰～-20.960‰（PDB）,考虑到海拉尔盆地探井中未钻遇碳酸盐地层,片钠铝石属岩浆成因碳酸盐范畴.结合与片钠铝石平衡的CO2的δ13C值,含片钠铝石井和幔源CO2气井分布相吻合且位于燕山期花岗岩或附近的深大断裂带上,认为海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷岩浆活动-砂岩成岩（片钠铝石形成）-幔源CO2气成藏不论在物质成分上还是在时空上均具备较好的耦合关系,形成片钠铝石所需的CO2气为与燕山期岩浆作用有关的幔源CO2气,深大断裂是深部CO2气向上运移到浅部砂岩的主要通道,片钠铝石形成时因油气充注而介入少量生物成因碳.     

气候适应治理的国际比较研究与战略启示

在全球深度减排力度不足导致未来气候变化风险加剧的背景下,强化适应气候变化行动成为我国应对气候风险、提升气候韧性的必要手段。本研究分析比较了中国、英国、德国的适应战略演进和治理体系特征,并依据所得启示从适应知识、技术、资金三个能力维度提出完善我国气候适应治理体系的若干政策建议,旨在为我国争取新一轮国际气候博弈主动权、提升全球气候治理领导力提供决策参考。     

光电研究院

中国科学院光电研究院(以下简称光电院)是中国科学院具有独立法人资格的直属事业单位(正局级),由总部、长春光学精密机械与物理研究所(简称长春光机所)、上海技术物理研究所(简称上海技物所)、西安光学精密机械研究所(简称西安光机所)、上海光学精密机械研究所(简称上海光机所)和(成都)光电技术研究所(简称成都光电所)组成。光电院于2000年开始筹建,2003年得到中编委正式批准。