Researchers’ perceptions of citations

This paper looks at how citations are perceived among scientists. Based on a questionnaire survey it traces the repertoire of views and experiences about citations that could be found among Norwegian scientists that had published highly cited papers. Their views circle around three issues: the relation between the quality (or importance or significance) of a paper and its citation history; the importance of visibility and how different sorts of factors play a role in determining citation in general and high citation in particular; and the fairness (or lack of fairness) of the system. Taken together, the respondents’ answers and comments offer an informal (and fragmented) sociology of citations and their role in the world of science. In the final section we discuss the relevance of our findings in respect to the increasing use of citation indicators in science policy and research evaluations.     

Two perceptions of science development

Two very different perceptions of the nature of science in the Third World are summarized. The areas considered are aims, the structure of science and technology, planning, education, manpower, communication and information, research, equipment, administration, funding, evaluation, the link between science and technology, the impact of science on Man's thinking, and international cooperation and assistance. The first of these perceptions (“A”) is said to be quite close to the view prevailing among administrators concerned with science and technology in the Third World, while the other (“B”) is claimed to be much closer to the realities of science as a human activity and hence to be much more functional. The aim of this juxtaposition is to encourage discussion and to catalyze experimentation with science policy measures constructed on the basis of perception B.     

OK computer: Worker perceptions of algorithmic recruitment

We provide evidence on how workers on an online platform perceive algorithmic versus human recruitment through two incentivized experiments designed to elicit willingness to pay for human or algorithmic evaluation. In particular, we test how information on workers’ performance affects their recruiter choice and whether the algorithmic recruiter is perceived as more or less gender-biased than the human one. We find that workers do perceive human and algorithmic evaluation differently, even though both recruiters are given the same inputs in our controlled setting. Specifically, human recruiters are perceived to be more error-prone evaluators and place more weight on personal characteristics, whereas algorithmic recruiters are seen as placing more weight on task performance. Consistent with these perceptions, workers with good task performance relative to others prefer algorithmic evaluation, whereas those with lower task performance prefer human evaluation. We also find suggestive evidence that perceived differences in gender bias drive preferences for human versus algorithmic recruitment.     

元极学与理论信息学基础

以元极学为基础讨论了理论信息滨重要概念基础与信息建模。基于元极学的整体性观点和物质动态演化理论,通过对信息与物质概念的比较,提出了关地测量的相对性观点,在此基础上讨论了信息的本体演化模型,提出由物质分布,演化作用及时空尺度三元组构成的信息动力模型,也讨论了信息的学习组织等问题。     

数学归纳法的理论基础

数学归纳法是解决与自然数有关命题的一种行之有效的方法。本文从数学归纳法的整体结构出发,对数学归纳法的发现发展历程、基本原理及常见形式进行了分析总结。     

理论物理学家的实验观念——杨振宁科学实验思想探讨

科学的基础是实验,实验的观念和社会、文化、传统有着密切关系,但是,中国教育界长期存在着重理论轻实验的倾向。本文简要分析了著名物理学家杨振宁教授关于理论与实验以及中国科技人才实验能力的培养等方面的思想和观点。     

人才生态位论释:理论探讨、模型解析和应用拓展

生态位是现代自然科学和社会科学的通用概念,对人才学和人力资源管理拓展研究思路有很重要的借鉴和启发,目前人才生态位的理论研究方兴未艾,亟需深入开展.本文在深刻理解生态位本质和梳理、评论已有人才生态位相关研究的基础上,厘定人才生态位的内涵并分析其特征,认为人才生态位是人才在与其生态环境长期互动的过程中所形成的稳定均衡的具有独特地位和功能的生存状态.继而分析了人才的基础生态位、实际生态位和潜在生态位等概念,构建了人才生态位相互关系和演变的概念模型,对模型内容进行了详细解析.文章最后探讨了人才生态位理论的应用和未来开拓方向.     

量子测量的理论语境

测量总是与理论语境相关,测量与理论间的互动促进了科学理论的发展。文章首先区分了测量理论语境的不同层次,然后以斯特恩-盖拉赫实验为例,论述了其原理理论语境——旧量子论,操作理论语境——电磁理论,与解释理论语境——量子力学;最后分析了理论对于测量的制约、生成和解释作用与测量对于理论的反作用,包括检验功能和再语境化功能。     

信息化的理论反思

信息化在我国是广泛使用的概念，但是对其含义的理解却分歧较大，理论研究有所不足。本文以国际上的研究进展为借鉴，从信息化的理论视角，信息化的核心和实质，信息化的发展阶段，信息化的内在逻辑，信息化的结构模型等方面进行了理论探索。     

Different statistical measures create different perceptions of the digital divide

Simultaneous two-dimensional comparisons of time series data—vertically (static difference) and horizontally (Sicherl-time-distance)—for numerous ITU and Eurostat datasets show that estimates of the magnitude of digital divide can differ substantially between conventional static measures and Sicherl-time-distance, a dynamic measure of disparity. Comparing digital divide indicators with other indicators of social inequality (life expectancy, infant mortality), the analysis shows that high ICT growth rate improved well-being in developing countries and reduced some world inequalities. This methodology enables researchers, policy makers, and business managers how to draw new insights from existing data, including monitoring the attainment of targets.     

Stakeholder perceptions of information security policy: Analyzing personal constructs

Organizational stakeholders, such as employees and security managers, may understand security rules and policies differently. Extant literature suggests that stakeholder perceptions of security policies can contribute to the success or failure of policies. This paper draws on the Theory of Personal Constructs and the associated methodology, the Repertory Grid technique, to capture the convergence and divergence of stakeholder perceptions with regards to security policy. We collected data from the employees of an e-commerce company that had developed five information security sub-policies. Our study highlights the practical utility of the Repertory Grid analysis in helping information security researchers and managers pinpoint a) the aspects of a security policy that are well-received by stakeholders, as well as those that are not, and b) the variance in the perceptions of stakeholders. Organizations can, then, capitalize on the well-received aspects of the policy and take corrective action for the ill-received ones.     

业务流程再造理论研究

业务流程再造是90年代产生于美国的一种新的管理哲理和方法，其核心思想就是重新审视二百多年在工业界占统治地位的分工思想，而以流程管理的思想取而代之，系统地介绍了业务流程财造核心思想和主要内容，分析业务流程再造的理论基础，提出了业务流程再造所适用的对象的问题。     

中国梦的理论创新意蕴

以习近平同志为总书记的党中央坚持和贯彻马克思主义发展观点,明确提出并深刻阐发了实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的重大战略思想。中国梦深刻总结历史、开辟了马克思主义中国化的新进境,坚持与时俱进、实现了马克思主义时代化的新发展,注重掌握群众、完成了马克思主义大众化的新飞跃,具有深厚的理论创新意蕴,在马克思主义中国化发展史上具有重要意义。     

基于资源靶向性的区域优势发展理论初探

本文通过对区域发展理论发展的回顾，针对传统的区域发展理论面临的问题和产业发展的新情况，提出了基于靶向性的区域优势发展的理论观点，从区域与资源两个角度考虑问题，系统分析集聚的原因。一方面加强区域自身系统性研究，发挥政府及区域自身学习的能动性，培育区域发展优势；同时，结合资源靶向性的特点，从资源流动和集聚的角度出发，分析资源聚集的机理，研究形成区域优势的模式。     

图书馆学理论建设刍议

文章对图书馆学的理论建设作了一些探讨,认为继续搞好图书馆学研究工作需要在观念、方法等方面进行梳理,使之更加科学和完善。     

论技术创新的几个理论误区

研究技术创新必须正确地把技术创新的基本内涵.本文讨论了技术创新的几个理论误区,主要是技术改造、技术引进与技术创新的关系问题.     

网络生态平衡理论探讨

随着网络的发展普及,网络环境日益恶化,网络生态系统在一定程度上处于失调状态。因此,唤起人们对网络生态系统的保护意识,规范人们的网络行为,净化网络环境,维持网络生态平衡,是非常有必要的。本文在界定网络生态系统的基础上阐述了网络生态平衡的含义、特征、内容,并主要从网络信息主体角度对网络生态平衡失调及其根源做了深入分析。