The PRET A Rapporter framework: Evaluating digital libraries from the perspective of information work

The strongest tradition of IR systems evaluation has focused on system effectiveness; more recently, there has been a growing interest in evaluation of Interactive IR systems, balancing system and user-oriented evaluation criteria. In this paper we shift the focus to considering how IR systems, and particularly digital libraries, can be evaluated to assess (and improve) their fit with users’ broader work activities. Taking this focus, we answer a different set of evaluation questions that reveal more about the design of interfaces, user–system interactions and how systems may be deployed in the information working context. The planning and conduct of such evaluation studies share some features with the established methods for conducting IR evaluation studies, but come with a shift in emphasis; for example, a greater range of ethical considerations may be pertinent. We present the PRET A Rapporter framework for structuring user-centred evaluation studies and illustrate its application to three evaluation studies of digital library systems.     

Document structure and digital libraries: how researchers mobilize information in journal articles

This paper explores how academic researchers disaggregate and reaggregate scientific journal articles in both print and digital environments. Journal article disaggregation refers to the ability to access and manipulate individual components of a document, such as its figures, conclusions or references. In reaggregation, article components are compiled and integrated into a new written work. Data gathered in the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI) project at the University of Illinois are analyzed to describe how components are mobilized in the work of researchers as they identify, retrieve, read and use material in articles of interest. Results lead to a discussion of the nature of metadata, the role of context in constraining component use, the complex assemblage of information system use and implications for digital library system design and user education.     

涉密信息离线浏览系统的设计与实现

信息安全是信息时代的首要任务。一些科技生产企业往往碰到需将涉密信息带到用户现场进行离线浏览的问题,确保数据安全显得至关重要。离线浏览需要依靠技术手段对数据进行信息安全处理,椭圆典线密码机制（ECC）属于非对称的公钥密码机制,基于椭圆曲线离散对数计算问题的数学困难,是目前优秀的加密算法,具有单比特强度高,密钥短的优点,简述了椭圆曲线密码机制的基本原理与加解密过程,伪随机序列是一种对称密码,由序列生成器逐比特生成,具有良好的随机性。本文结合椭圆曲线密码机制与伪随机序列机制二者的技术优势与特点,对离线的涉密信息浏览进行强化加密,描述了离线浏览系统的总体结构与功能,并在windows平台下实现。     

Beyond automation and control: Manufacturing information systems from a strategic perspective

This paper reviews the application of computer-based information systems for manufacturing, which has found a lack of strategic orientation. Critical factors for a strategic-oriented information system, i.e. external information scanning, data refining and information reporting, are discussed. A strategic-oriented system model that incorporates information scanning-refining-reporting into manufacturing automation and control systems is proposed. A case study of a corporate strategic information processing system in a UK company is explored. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are made.     

Beyond deregulation: Designing the information infrastructure

Abstract

The United States and Japan lead the world in information technology. Yet they occupy opposite ends of the spectrum with respect to planning for the development of the information infrastructure—the central nervous system of a democratic society. While the Japanese expend great resources on centralized planning and monitoring the impact of the information society, United States officials are engaged in a mammoth deregulation exercise intended to dismantle government involvement in the competitive marketplace. While this policy may be appropriate for a period of technological innovation, it may be less efficacious in the period of consolidation, merger, and acquisition which usually follows.     

中外合资企业管理控制与知识获取关系的实证研究

 摘要：合资企业是发展中国家企业组织学习和知识获取的重要途径。本研究运用国际合资企业管理控制和组织学习理论,探讨了中方对合资企业的管理控制如何影响不同类型知识的获取,并分析了学习能力和合作信任对于管理控制与知识获取之间的调节作用。本研究发现中方对合资企业的运营控制程度降低了中方的内隐知识和外显知识获取水平;在均等股权的合资企业中,中方知识获取的水平最高;合作信任对于管理控制与知识获取之间关系存在调节作用。     

企业环境下个人获取和传递知识的路径图研究

 研究在企业环境中个人获取和传递知识的路径无论对于个体学习还是组织学习以及建立学习型组织都具有重要意义。与以往研究不同,本文提出一种更为形象、直接的路径图的方法阐释企业环境下,如何评估个人获取和传递知识的状况并对其应用进行了初步探索。     

Human information seeking: Online searching of bibliographic citation networks

The strategies, heuristics, and tradeoff?s involved in online searching of bibliographic citation networks are discussed. Results from the field of citation analysis are used to describe the mathematical structure of citation networks. An experimental environment called DBASE (Data Base Access and Search Environment) is discussed and its use in two studies of human information seeking behavior considered. Variables examined in these studies included the nature of the search question and the interconnectivity of the data base.     

Beyond broadcasting: the digital future of public service broadcasting

This article looks at the impact of digitization on television. Early treatments of digital television (DTV) have become outdated by technical and market developments. This paper reviews these developments and reconsiders the public policy and regulatory issues surrounding DTV, particularly with respect to public service broadcasting in Europe. Convergence trends are examined and we find that it happens, but differently than expected. This raises serious doubts concerning whether current models and conceptualizations of public service broadcasting can address future challenges of pluralism and diversity if they remain constrained by traditional understandings of broadcasting.     

运用信息技术能力获取竞争优势的框架与路径研究

是信息技术能力而不是信息技术在为企业带来竞争优势。本文根据企业资源理论,从获取竞争优势的角度审视了信息技术能力这一概念,提出了其四类载体、五个层次及以其为基础获取竞争优势的三类路径模式,为我国那些陷入"IT投资困境"中的企业提供了新的理论视角。     

Information,knowledge and wisdom: groundwork for the normative evaluation of digital information and its relation to the good life

This paper provides a general philosophical groundwork for the theoretical and applied normative evaluation of information generally and digital information specifically in relation to the good life. The overall aim of the paper is to address the question of how Information Ethics and computer ethics more generally can be expanded to include more centrally the issue of how and to what extent information relates and contributes to the quality of life or the good life, for individuals and for society. To answer that question, the paper explores and provides by way of a theoretical groundwork for further research, the concept of wisdom understood as a type of meta-knowledge as well as a type of meta-virtue, which can enable one to both know in principle what a good life is and how to successfully apply that knowledge in living such a life in practice. This answer will be based on the main argument presented in this paper that the notion of wisdom understood as being at once a meta-epistemological, meta-axiological and meta-eudemonic concept, provides the essential conceptual link between information on the one hand and the good life on the other. If, as we are told, this is the Age of Information, both the theoretical examination and analysis of the question of how information relates to the good life and the provision of an adequate answer to that question are essential for developing a deeper understanding of how to evaluate the theoretical and practical implications and ramifications of information for the good life, for individuals and societies generally.     

网络产品、信息产品、知识产品和数字产品的特征比较分析

虽然网络产品、信息产品、知识产品和数字产品的概念已经广泛被人们接受,但是关于这几种产品的概念、特征却一直没有一个明确的认识,而且由于这几种产品的相似程度比较高,容易在概念上引起混淆,这在一定程度上造成了网络产品市场、信息产品市场、知识产品市场和数字产品市场的混乱。因此对网络产品、信息产品、知识产品和数字产品的概念进行界定、区分和分类,研究它们共性特征和异性特征,这对于研究这些产品的市场规律具有重要的现实意义。     

Visualising semantic spaces and author co-citation networks in digital libraries

This paper describes the development and application of visualisation techniques for users to access and explore information in a digital library effectively and intuitively. Salient semantic structures and citation patterns are extracted from several collections of documents, including the ACM SIGCHI Conference Proceedings (1995–1997) and ACM Hypertext Conference Proceedings (1987–1998), using Latent Semantic Indexing and Pathfinder Network Scaling. The unique spatial metaphor leads to a natural combination of search and navigation within the same semantic space in a 3-dimensional virtual world. Author co-citation patterns are visualised through a number of author co-citation maps in attempts to reveal the structure of the hypertext, including an overall co-citation map of 367 authors and three periodical maps. These maps highlight predominant research areas in the field. This approach provides a means for transcending the boundaries of collections of documents and visualising more profound patterns in terms of semantic structures and co-citation networks.     

A case analysis of knowledge sharing implementation and job searching in Malaysia

The aim of this research is to consider an analysis through case studies on how knowledge sharing may be successfully implemented. The study will clarify a conceptualisation that provides a new understanding of the relationship between unemployed graduates and the human capital concept. The cases adopted web documentation for the research technique, and an interpretive approach was used as the research paradigm. Two online recruitment agency sites were analysed through qualitative analysis. The connections show how knowledge sharing can be used as a medium to help unemployed graduates to get jobs through online recruitment agencies. High quality candidates must have good soft skills, problem-solving skills and employable value added skills to get the best jobs. The findings will be expressed as qualitative results from the two online recruitment agencies researched as the case studies for the paper. From these case studies, the findings will contribute to the ongoing study on how to implement knowledge sharing among undergraduates after they finished their studies.     

知识获取与知识消化对创新绩效的影响研究

关于外部知识获取强度对创造和创新绩效的影响,在以往研究中得到了不同的结论。其中重要的原因可能是忽略了个体认知能力的调节作用。创造性认知理论和建构主义学习理论均认为个体的认知能力影响知识对创造力的关系,但这方面的实证研究还没有得到开展。本文旨在探究知识消化能力在与外部知识获取强度和研发人员创新绩效之间的作用。通过对来自七个研发单位207位研发人员的配对数据分析发现:外部知识获取强度对创新绩效没有直接作用,知识消化能力对创新绩效有显著正向作用,而且外部知识获取强度对创新绩效的影响受知识消化能力的调节。最后,本文对研发管理提出了相关建议。     

Capturing information on technology convergence,international collaboration,and knowledge flow from patent documents: A case of information and communication technology

In addressing persistent gaps in existing theories, recent advances in data-driven research approaches offer novel perspectives and exciting insights across a spectrum of scientific fields concerned with technological change and the socio-economic impact thereof. The present investigation suggests a novel approach to identify and analyze the evolution of technology sectors, in this case, information and communications technology (ICT), considering international collaboration patterns and knowledge flows and spillovers via information inputs derived from patent documents.The objective is to utilize and explore information regarding inventors’ geo-location, technology sector classifications, and patent citation records to construct various types of networks. This, in turn, will open up avenues to discover the nature of evolutionary pathways in ICT trajectories and will also provide evidence of how the overall ICT knowledge space, as well as directional knowledge flows within the ICT space, have evolved differently. It is expected that this data-driven inquiry will deliver intuitive results for decision makers seeking evidence for future resource allocation and who are interested in identifying well-suited collaborators for the development of potential next-generation technologies. Further, it will equip researchers in technology management, economic geography, or similar fields with a systematic approach to analyze evolutionary pathways of technological advancements and further enable exploitation and development of new theories regarding technological change and its socio-economic consequences.     

Exploring usefulness and usability in the evaluation of open access digital libraries

Advances in the publishing world have emerged new models of digital library development. Open access publishing modes are expanding their presence and realize the digital library idea in various means. While user-centered evaluation of digital libraries has drawn considerable attention during the last years, these systems are currently viewed from the publishing, economic and scientometric perspectives. The present study explores the concepts of usefulness and usability in the evaluation of an e-print archive. The results demonstrate that several attributes of usefulness, such as the level and the relevance of information, and usability, such as easiness of use and learnability, as well as functionalities commonly met in these systems, affect user interaction and satisfaction.     

Computer-aided searching of bibliographic data bases: Online estimation of the value of information

The study presents and synthesizes the results of a series of five experiments on human information-seeking behavior in three different information-seeking environments. The first three experiments utilized a highly-controlled, simulated information-seeking task developed to study human search strategies in citation networks. Emphasis in the fourth and fifth experiments was placed on assessing the value of information for humans in realistic search environments. Subjects search on a topic of their own choice in a data base of fiction in Experiment Four and a data base of technical literature in Experiment Five. After summarizing the experimental results, a conceptual model of how humans value information is presented. The model is then used as a basis for a broad interpretation of the empirical results. Implications of both the empirical and modeling results are considered for the areas of information retrieval logic, system flexibility, retrieval methods, types of aiding, online estimation of information value, and computerizing versus computer-aiding.     

Mobility of knowledge work and affordances of digital technologies

The focus of this work arises from two needs within information science literature: (1) to understand more, from an empirically driven perspective, about the increasingly visible yet understudied mobile work population, and (2) to address more clearly, from a theoretical standpoint, the ways in which information and communication technologies (ICTs) mediate the work practices of these mobile workers. Drawing on the affordance perspective, this research goes beyond simplistic conceptualizations of technological effects to explore the roles of multiple ICTs in enabling mobile knowledge work. In this paper, the use of ICTs in mobilizing information practices and the ways in which ICTs generate affordances along different mobility dimensions (spatial, temporal, contextual, and social) are examined. The empirical base of this research is a field of study of 33 mobile knowledge workers (MKWs); broadly, it focuses on the ways they employ ICTs to accomplish work in dynamic and unpredictable work conditions.