动物粘膜免疫与分泌型免疫球蛋白A(综述)

粘膜是动物有机体与外界环境相隔的最大屏障 ,是病原体入侵的最大门户。粘膜免疫近几年来倍受人们的关注。粘膜免疫为免疫学提出了新的内容 ,并成为发展最迅速的领域。本文就粘膜免疫的机理、粘膜免疫系统的组成与功能、粘膜免疫应答细胞、粘膜免疫的解剖组织学结构特征、分泌型免疫球蛋白A的结构与功能等方面的内容作一简述。     

法式囊三肽囊素(bursin)在兔圆小囊、肠相关淋巴组织（蚓突）中免疫组化定位特征研究

The distribution of bursin in sacculus rotundus and gut-associated lymphoid tissues was investigated in rabbit. by immuno-histochemical staining method with anti-bursin monoclonal antibody(McAb)2F9o4.The results indicated that the appearance of the bursin-containing cells coincided with the morphodifferentiation and growth process in rabbit.Bursin immunized cells not only distributed in dome epithelium and mucosal epithelium,but also in follicular germinal center,dome, T-cell area,goblet cell,inter-epithelial lymphocyte and cap-zone of sacculus rotundus.This founding suggested that bursin- containing cells in sacculus rotundus might play an important role in intestinal mucosal immunity.     

半胱胺对草杂鸡生长性能及淋巴器官发育的影响

本试验研究了半胱胺对鸡生长性能及淋巴器官发育的影响.试验选用1日龄草杂鸡160羽,随机分成2组,每组80羽;半胱胺分别按0和0.6g/kg添加到对照组鸡和试验组鸡的基础日粮中;试验期为30天.试验结果表明,试验组鸡的增重较对照组高2.44%,差异显著(p＜0.05);对照组鸡胸腺的髓质区较大,试验组鸡的胸腺小体较对照组鸡少;试验组鸡脾脏中红髓和白髓的界线较对照组鸡清晰,试验组鸡脾脏脾小体、脾索和脾窦较对照组明显;试验组鸡法氏囊皱褶较对照组大,对照组鸡法氏囊小结出现髓质和皮质分界线,而试验组鸡法氏囊小结没有出现髓质和皮质分界线.本试验的结果说明半胱胺对草杂鸡生长性能及淋巴器官的发育具有促进作用.     

Thymus

The immune system protects our bodies against infections and cancers. This review introduce readers to the thymus – a primary lymphoid organ – which is the site of development and maturation of functional T lymphocytes. Progenitor stem cells arise from the bone marrow and undergo sequential development in the thymus where non-self-reactive T cells are selected. Subsequently, post selection and maturation, the mature T cells exit the thymus as naïve T cells into the peripheral lymph nodes. Studies on the thymus are likely to enhance our understanding of T cell development and reduce disease burdens by improving the cellular immune response.     

泰和鸡哈德氏腺研究

应用光镜、透射电镜以及ANAE法和IGSS法对不同日龄的泰和鸡哈德氏腺进行显微、亚显微结构和组化、免疫组化研究结果表明：泰和鸡哈德氏腺既是一外分泌腺，又是一以B淋巴细胞为主的外周淋巴器官．T，B淋巴细胞数量随日龄增长有所增加，至7日龄显蓄增多，14～88日龄较7日龄有所增高，但不显著，35日龄后则趋于稳定     

Active learning: A small group histology laboratory exercise in a whole class setting utilizing virtual slides and peer education

Histology laboratory instruction is moving away from the sole use of the traditional combination of light microscopes and glass slides in favor of virtual microscopy and virtual slides. At the same time, medical curricula are changing so as to reduce scheduled time for basic science instruction as well as focusing on student‐centered learning approaches such as small group active learning and peer‐instruction. It is important that medical schools resist the temptation to respond to this conjunction of events by turning histology into a self‐study activity. This article describes a lymphoid histology laboratory exercise, occurring in a specially equipped Learning Studio housing an entire medical class that utilizes virtual slides in the context of small group active learning and peer instruction. Anat Sci Educ © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.     

中药四黄提取物对AA肉仔鸡法氏囊组织结构的影响

试验研究了四黄提取物对AA肉鸡法氏囊组织结构的影响。选用1日龄健康的AA肉仔鸡200只,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组100只,分四个重复组。四黄提取物按200 mg/kg添加基础日粮中。试验期为42天。在42日龄时,从每个重复组中随机抽取10只鸡,颈静脉放血处死,采集各组鸡法氏囊的组织样本,置于Bouin固定液中,应用石蜡组织切片技术制作组织切片,OlympusCH-30显微摄影系统观察拍照。试验结果表明添加四黄提取物的试验组鸡的法氏囊较对照组鸡退化延缓,其中试验组鸡的法氏囊较对照组皱襞发达,法氏囊淋巴小结排列紧密。结果表明,四黄提取物可以延缓AA肉仔鸡法氏囊的退化。     

Science Letters:Assignment of CCR7 gene to chicken chromosome 27 by radiation hybrid panel mapping

The protein encoded by CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family. This receptor was identified as a gene induced by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and is thought to be a mediator of EBV effects on B lymphocytes. This receptor is expressed in various lymphoid tissues and activates B and T lymphocytes. It has been shown to control the migration of memory T cells to inflamed tissues, as well as stimulate dendritic cell maturation. To map the CCR7 gene in chicken chromosome, a 6 000 rads chicken-hamster radiation hybrid panel (ChickRH6) was used. PCR of samples from ChickRH6 revealed that the location of CCR7 gene is linked to the maker SEQ0347 (6 cR away) with LOD score of 16.6 and that the marker SEQ0347 is located on chromosome 27 at 27 cR of RH (radiation hydrid) map. We compared the corresponding human mRNA sequence with the predicted coding sequence of chicken CCR7 gene, and found that the assembled contig shared a high percentage of similarity with that of the human gene.     

Review:On dendritic cell-based therapy for cancers

Dendritic cells(DCs),the most prevalent antigen-presenting cell in vivo,had been widely characterized in the lastthree decades.DCs are present in almost all tissues of the body and play cardinal roles in recognition of microbial agents,autoantigens,allergens and alloantigen.DCs process the microbial agents or their antigens and migrate to lymphoid tissues topresent the antigenic peptide to lymphocytes.This leads to activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes.Initially,it was assumedthat DCs are principally involved in the induction and maintenance of adaptive immune responses,but now it is evident that DCsalso have important roles in innate immunity.These features make DCs very good candidates for therapy against variouspathological conditions including malignancies.Initially,DC-based therapy was used in animal models of cancers.Data fromthese studies inspired considerable optimism and DC-based therapies was started in human cancers 8 years ago.In general,DC-based therapy has been found to be safe in pati     

On dendritic cell-based therapy for cancers

Dendritic cells (DCs), the most prevalent antigen-presenting cell in vivo, had been widely characterized in the last three decades. DCs are present in almost all tissues of the body and play cardinal roles in recognition of microbial agents,autoantigens, allergens and alloantigen. DCs process the microbial agents or their antigens and migrate to lymphoid tissues to present the antigenic peptide to lymphocytes. This leads to activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Initially, it was assumed that DCs are principally involved in the induction and maintenance of adaptive immune responses, but now it is evident that DCs also have important roles in innate immunity. These features make DCs very good candidates for therapy against various pathological conditions including malignancies. Initially, DC-based therapy was used in animal models of cancers. Data from these studies inspired considerable optimism and DC-based therapies was started in human cancers 8 years ago. In general,DC-based therapy has been found to be safe in patients with cancers, although few controlled trials have been conducted in this regard. Because the fundamentals principles of human cancers and animal models of cancers are different, the therapeutic efficacy of the ongoing regime of DC-based therapy in cancer patients is not satisfactory. In this review, we covered the various aspects that should be considered for developing better regime of DC-based therapy for human cancers.     

中草药免疫促进剂对AA仔鸡法氏囊和脾脏形态结构的影响

试验研究了中草药免疫促进剂对AA仔鸡法氏囊和脾脏形态结构的影响。选用1日龄健康的AA仔鸡200只,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组100只,分四个重复组。中草药免疫促进剂按200 mg/kg添加基础日粮中。在42日龄时,从每个重复组中随机抽取10只仔鸡,颈静脉放血处死,采集各组鸡法氏囊和脾脏的组织样本,置于Bouin固定液中,应用石蜡组织切片技术制作组织切片,显微摄影系统观察拍照。试验结果表明添加中草药免疫促进剂的试验组仔鸡的法氏囊和脾脏的形态结构较对照组鸡退化延缓,其中脾脏的组织结构变化比较明显;试验组鸡的法氏囊较对照组皱襞发达,法氏囊小结排列紧密;脾脏组织结构中红髓与白髓界线清晰,脾小结试验组较对照组明显增多。结果表明,中草药免疫促进剂能够促进AA仔鸡免疫器官的发育。     

Assignment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">CCR7</Emphasis> gene to chicken chromosome 27 by radiation hybrid panel mapping

The protein encoded by CC chemokine receptor 7 （CCR7） is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family. This receptor was identified as a gene induced by the Epstein-Barr virus （EBV）, and is thought to be a mediator of EBV effects on B lymphocytes. This receptor is expressed in various lymphoid tissues and activates B and T lymphocytes. It has been shown to control the migration of memory T cells to inflamed tissues, as well as stimulate dendritic cell maturation. To map the CCR7 gene in chicken chromosome, a 6000 rads chicken-hamster radiation hybrid panel （ChickRH6） was used. PCR of samples from ChickRH6 revealed that the location of CCR7 gene is linked to the maker SEQ0347 （6 cR away） with LOD score of 16.6 and that the marker SEQ0347 is located on chromosome 27 at 27 cR of RH （radiation hydrid） map. We compared the corresponding human mRNA sequence with the predicted coding sequence of chicken CCR7 gene, and found that the assembled contig shared a high percentage of similarity with that of the human gene.     

浅析制约运动技能获得的若干问题

获得运动技术牵涉着诸多因素,其中教练员与运动员之间的语言交流,兼优化互补内在自身过程是有效掌握技能的关键。     

平等契约宽容创新共生--教育与城市精神之塑造

城市精神不是一个空泛的东西,它体现了城市中的人所具有的精神风貌,具体地说,它至少包括平等、契约、宽容、创新与共生等诸方面观念,这些观念则要通过教育获得.     

听说读写与读说听写──论双语共存的外语教学本质

听、说、读、写这个顺序是人们学习第一语言的基本顺序。读、说、听、写则是人们学习第二语言的顺序。第二语言的学习是在母语的符号思维系统已经建立起来并相当牢固之后开始的；第二语言的学习是在一种自觉状态中进行的，是一种有意识的学习。母语在第二语言的学习过程中起着极其重要的作用。双语共存的教学本质上是一种比较型教学。     

Serial learning,interitem associations,phrasing cues,interference, overshadowing,chunking, memory,and extinction

Two experiments indicated that two approaches to serial learning are too extreme—the classical view that it consists only of interitem associations and various recent views that it involves no interitem associations. The novel assumption introduced here was that phrasing cues, normally conceptualized as merely segregating long series into smaller units or chunks, may also enter into associations with items, thereby reducing interitem interference and facilitating serial learning. It was found that one item could become a signal for another item, an interitem association, or be overshadowed by a phrasing cue, such as a brightness and temporal cue, also signaling that item. The items were .045-g pellets. Rats traversed a runway for items arranged in ordered series, 14-7-3-1-0 pellets (Experiment 1) or 10-2-0-10 (Experiment 2). Complete tracking of, for example, the 10-2-0-10 series would consist of fastest running to 10 pellets and slowest running to 0 pellets. In both investigations, the interitem association overshadowed was that between 0 pellets and the subsequent rewarded item, 0 → 14 (Experiment 1) or 0 → 10 (Experiment 2). Either repetitions of the 14-7-3-1-0 subpattern (Experiment 1) or merely the terminal 10-pellet item (Experiment 2) were phrased, both methods producing identical results. Overshadowing the 0-pellet item produced superior serial learning, more rapid extinction, and, in Experiment 1, considerable elevation of responding when the brightness phrasing cue was introduced in extinction, an effect said to be conceptually identical to spontaneous recovery and one demonstrating directly that phrasing cues are in reality overshadowing cues. It was suggested that many effects attributed to forgetting may be due to unrecognized overshadowing of memory cues by phrasing cues, giving rise to exaggerated estimates of forgetting.