Developmental Trajectories of Acculturation in Hispanic Adolescents: Associations With Family Functioning and Adolescent Risk Behavior

This study examined longitudinal acculturation patterns, and their associations with family functioning and adolescent risk behaviors, in Hispanic immigrant families. A sample of 266 Hispanic adolescents (M_age = 13.4) and their primary parents completed measures of acculturation, family functioning, and adolescent conduct problems, substance use, and sexual behavior at five timepoints. Mixture models yielded three trajectory classes apiece for adolescent and parent acculturation. Assimilated adolescents reported the poorest family functioning, but adolescent assimilation negatively predicted adolescent cigarette smoking, sexual activity, and unprotected sex indirectly through family functioning. Follow‐up analyses indicated that discrepancies between adolescent and parent family functioning reports predicted these adolescent outcomes. Results are discussed regarding acculturation trajectories, adolescent risk behavior, and the mediating role of family functioning.     

AIDS Prevention for Adolescents at Risk

This paper describes a training program aimed at preparing 14 MSW students to teach AIDS prevention to adolescents at risk of HIV infection (i.e., increase knowledge, alter attitudes and teach risk-reduction behaviors). The majority of the students perceived this training not only as helpful in preparing them for the task at hand, but also in improving their overall social work skills and their chances to get a social work job in the future. In this paper, we also discuss problems related to AIDS prevention that arose during the training, such as rape and risk-reduction precautions and whether or not AIDS counselors should recommend taking the AIDS test.     

Cultural and Linguistic Investment: Adolescents in a Secondary Two-Way Immersion Program

This qualitative study inquired into secondary students' perceptions of their participation in a secondary Spanish-English two-way immersion (TWI) program, triangulating data from 166 surveys and 24 focus interviews across grades 6–12. After reviewing current research on secondary two-way immersion programs, the article describes the study and its findings. The first finding stresses the continuous link between language and identity and how this link differs within the Latino group. A second theme centered on how students viewed the linguistic and cultural capital the TWI program aims to develop, with the Anglo students identifying bilingualism for better job opportunities as the most important capital. Latino students also envisioned better job opportunities; however, Spanish was valued foremost for its connection to their families and roots. Finally, the third theme discusses linguistic and cultural equity. Though all students evaluated their experiences in the TWI program positively, they acknowledged that as they moved through the secondary years, their exposure to Spanish declined and English dominated their school day. The authors urge educators to consider how the academic, linguistic, and cultural benefits of TWI programs are distributed for various groups enrolled in the program.     

Referring and Reporting Research Participants at Risk: Views from Urban Adolescents

Researching developmental risks of urban youth raises ethical concerns when an investigator discovers a participant is in jeopardy. This study collected data on 147 seventh, ninth, and eleventh graders' views of 3 investigator options: (1) taking no action and maintaining confidentiality, (2) reporting the problem to a concerned parent or adult, and (3) facilitating adolescent self-referrals. Participants judged these options within the context of 5 risk domains: substance abuse, child maltreatment, life-threatening behaviors, delinquency, and shyness. Judgments of reporting options were related to grade and ratings of risk severity, but not to moral reasoning. Confidentiality was viewed favorably for risk behaviors of low perceived severity or for which the consequences of adult discovery might introduce greater risk. Confidentiality was viewed unfavorably and reporting to adults favorably for child maltreatment and threats of suicide. Self-referral was viewed favorably across all grades and risk behaviors. Implications of adolescent perspectives for research ethics are discussed.     

从非言语行为看中日文化的异同

人的行为有言语行为和非言语行为，非语言行为是人们日常生活中经常存在的表现。要表达同一种意思的时候，国家不同，所使用的非言语行为就不一样。理解两国的非言语行为对中日两国人民之间的交流是很重要的。弄清两国的非言语行为特点，有利于跨文化交流，跨越文化障碍，有利于加强两国人民的理解和交流。     

A Longitudinal Study of Risk-Taking Behavior in Adolescents with Learning Disabilities

Risk taking may be regarded as a normative behavior in adolescence. Risk-taking behaviors may include alcohol, smoking, drug use, delinquency, and acts of aggression. Many studies have explored the relationship between adolescents and risk-taking behavior; however, only a few studies have examined this link in adolescents with learning disabilities. The purpose of this study was to compare the risk-taking behavior of adolescents with learning disabilities ( N  = 307) and without learning disabilities ( N  = 307) over time. Specifically, this study investigated changes over time in adolescents' substance use, engagement in major and minor delinquency, acts of aggression, and gambling activities. Results indicated that, compared to their non–learning disabled peers, adolescents with learning disabilities engaged more frequently in some risk-taking behaviors including smoking, marijuana use, acts of delinquency, acts of aggression, and gambling. The results also indicate that for some risk-taking behaviors adolescents with and without learning disabilities differ in their trajectory of engagement. Implications of this study point to the importance of supporting adolescents with learning disabilities when they are faced with difficult decisions around risk taking.     

Sex and Risk: Parental Messages and Associated Safety/Risk Behavior of Adult Children

The importance of both parent–child conversations about sex and general family communication climates has been emphasized in numerous studies. This study compared general family communication via family communication patterns (FCP) to specific parental communication about sex in understanding young adults’ sexual communication/risk (avoidance, threat, and risk behavior). Results suggest that FCP were stronger predictors of adult children’s perceptions of sexual communication as threatening and overall avoidance of sexual communication with their partners compared to the frequency of and overall quality of parent–child conversations about sex. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are also discussed.     

Neural Correlates of Risk Processing Among Adolescents: Influences of Parental Monitoring and Household Chaos

Adolescent risky behavior is related to developmental changes in decision‐making processes and their neural correlates. Yet, research investigating how the family environment relates to risk processing in the adolescent brain is limited. In this study, longitudinal data were collected from 167 adolescents (13–15 years, 53% male) who self‐reported household chaos and their parent's monitoring practices, and completed a decision‐making task during functional MRI at Time 1 and Time 2 (1 year apart). Parental knowledge was positively related to insular risk processing only among adolescents in low‐chaos environments at both time points. Results highlight environmental correlates of insular risk processing in the developing brain.     

Developmental Characteristics of Adolescents That Increase Risk of Joining Anti-Social Cults

Socio-pedagogical studies of victimization consider various age cohorts within their respective anthropological contexts, in which specific risk factors are identified for individuals at a given physio-psychological stage that may threaten their integral identity and future development. This paper examines the characteristics of youth that predispose young people to join countercultural groups, and in particular antisocial cults. There is a pressing need to address this issue because the leaders of countercultural organizations are actively recruiting young and capable persons to join their groups. Because Western scholars have been the first to write about the problem of antisocial cultism, our goal has been to analyze the main foreign studies by primarily American and Canadian psychologists and educators that probe the reasons why young people join vile cults. Characteristics of this age group, such as fear of rejection by peers, growing sexuality, growing conflicts with the adult world, youthful black-and-white thinking, the active development of an independent worldview, and sympathy for alternative religiosity, are not strict conditions determining whether young people will join antisocial cults. However, the considered characteristics allow us to deem this period in a person’s development as one of the most vulnerable in terms of developing deviant religious views.     

文化异化对日本"单身寄生族"女性旅游行为的影响

在对日本"单身寄生族"女性界定的基础上,分析了文化异化现象在这个特殊群体上的体现,分析和研究了文化异化现象导致的日本"单身寄生族"女性独特的旅游行为。以期为相关的旅游目的地和旅游企业制订相应的营销策略和产品提供理论依据和指导。     

论巴蜀文化名人文化品牌的风险——关于国画大师张大千文化品牌风险的探讨

作为世界知名人士,张大干携带的形象价值、社会价值、经济价值和文化象征意义,使其作为文化品牌具有得天独厚的优势。然而,树大招风的潜在危险,社会迅速变迁隐藏的风险,文化名人的象征意义与经济效益目标契合度的不足,“卖文化”观念的负面影响,“上热下冷”认同度的反差等等,都可能造成文化名人在作为文化品牌塑造过程中出现形神俱毁的后果,并进而导致文化名人品牌失效的连锁效应,以致最终消解文化名人在构建巴蜀和谐文化中的积极作用。有效地预防这些风险,是张大干文化品牌最终确立的基础。     

风险社会与文化危机及重构

文章从分析当代社会存在的风险入手,进一步考察风险文化的存在形式及其弊端,进而考察我国当前的文化危机,以期建立事先预警机制,有效地防范、化解各种风险,进行文化重构,更好地为建设社会主义和谐社会服务。     

英日德文化因素对非言语交际行为影响的对比研究

言语行为和非言语行为共同构成了人类的交际行为。与言语行为相比,后者的受重视程度显然不够。从文化差异角度出发,以英国、日本和德国的三部电视剧为研究对象,选取"道歉"这一场景的数据,对言语行为和非言语行为发生比例进行对比,分析文化和非言语行为的关系,从而得出结论:非言语行为与言语行为一样,是交际行为的重要组成部分,不同国家的人们非言语行为的不同往往源于文化的差异。     

台湾原住民文化传承中政府行为的调查分析

通过田野调查、深度访谈与文献研究,分析台湾原住民文化传承中的政府行为。既发现当地政府持续性保护与活化原住民文化,营销凝练民族文化核心价值的原生态文化,孵化原住民文化产业等成功的经验,也发现由于台湾特殊的二元社会结构、至上而下的政策推行方式、政府行为的过度化等造成的原住民的弱势感和边缘感、文化自决权被忽视、民族认同符号呈现同质化等问题。建议政府在原住民文化传承中,应尊重与保障原住民文化权利,在维护文化多样性的同时避免文化一体化,应还民俗于民间。     

美国青少年问题行为干预课程的设置及启示

青少年期的问题行为,不仅对个体的社会化和学业成就有消极影响,也是人格障碍、越轨和犯罪的风险因素。美国学校主要设置三类青少年问题行为干预课程:基于社会与情绪学习理论的第二步课程、基于社会信息加工干预理论的我能解决问题课程、注重建立积极社会互动的连结家庭与教师课程。在能力培养导向的干预、普遍性与针对性干预相结合、尽早干预、理论基础与循证干预、创设有效的干预环境等方面,美国青少年问题行为干预课程的设置值得我国参考。     

“穷游”青年的消费行为与社会文化功能

消费主义语境下,"穷游"青年以抵抗的行为风格构建起自身的亚文化意义。他们在具体的"穷游"消费实践中,以"穷"之名对抗消费社会物的极大丰盛,以时间的可能性对抗大众休闲的悲剧,并用技术工具的符号意义实现亚文化群体的文化认同。"穷游"青年的这些行为表现,折射出了以消费方式确立的身份区隔的本质,技术工具理性带来亚文化意义的同时,也面临着商业逻辑消费对亚文化独特风格的消解。     

The Academic Achievement of Adolescents from Immigrant Families: The Role of Family Background, Attitudes, and Behavior

The goal of this study was to determine the relative impact of family background, parental attitudes, peer support, and adolescents' won attitudes and behaviors on the academic achievement of students from immigrant families. Approximately 1,100 adolescents with Latino, East Asian, Filipino, and European backgrounds reported on their own academic attitudes and behaviors as well as those of their parents and peers. In addition, students' course grades were obtained from their official school records. Results indicated that first and second generation students received higher grades in mathematics and English than their peers from native families. Only a small portion of their success could be attributed to their socioeconomic background; a more significant correlate of their achievement was a strong emphasis on education that was shared by the students, their parents, and their peers. These demographic and psychosocial factors were also important in understanding the variation in academic performance among the immigrant students themselves.     

积极资源和压力风险对农村青少年幸福感的累积效应

在决胜全面建成小康社会的关键阶段,关注农村青少年群体的主观幸福感状况、分析提升其主观幸福感的相关因素和机制有着重要的意义。基于贵州农村1274名初一和初二学生为对象的追踪研究,考察了积极资源和压力风险对农村青少年当前和半年后主观幸福感的累积效应及其作用模式。结果表明:(1)半数以上的农村青少年拥有较低数量的积极资源,面临着中等程度的压力风险。(2)积极资源和压力风险对农村青少年当前主观幸福感的各项指标均具有显著累积效应。其中,累积资源主要以非线性的正加速模式发挥作用;累积风险以线性模式发挥作用。(3)积极资源和压力风险对农村青少年半年后主观幸福感仍然具有显著累积效应,并且均以线性模式发挥作用。以上结果提示:在提升农村青少年主观幸福感的干预实践中要重视多因素的累积作用,既要关注和缓解个体所面临的多种压力风险,又要注重其多领域积极发展资源的建构。此外,对于当前幸福感,结果显示构建积极资源的作用要比减少压力风险的作用更为迅速,表明有效提升农村青少年幸福感的关键是及时构建积极的资源支撑体系。