锡林浩特土壤颗粒分形特征与草原植物生物量的相关性研究

为研究土壤分形维数是否会影响草原植物生长,本文多角度地剖析了草原土壤分形维数与植物生物量的相关性。2012年在锡林浩特地区采集了88个土样,分别计算分形维数值,采用线性回归、相关性分析等统计方法,分析土壤分形维数与土壤各粒级颗粒含量、植物生物量之间的关系。结果表明：①土壤分形维数与粗砂粒含量存在显著负相关,与细砂粒含量不相关,与粉粒、黏粒含量呈显著正相关,说明土壤分形维数对于各粒级含量的反映程度不同,主要反映黏粒含量;②根据植物的形态特征和适应方式,将草原植物划分为不同类型的功能群,生活型功能群中多年生丛生禾草、小半灌木、一、二年生植物的生物量与土壤分形维数呈正相关（R值分别为0.345,0.674,0.238,P<0.05）,说明土壤分形维数可以表征这三类功能群植物的生物量累积情况;生态类型功能群中,旱生植物、旱中生植物与分形维数并无直接相关性,而旱生植物生物量与黏粒含量呈正相关,旱中生植物生物量与粉粒含量呈显著正相关,鉴于颗粒含量与分形维数间的关系,即其生长与土壤分形维数呈正相关,多年生根茎禾草、多年生杂类草、中旱生植物、中生植物的生物量与土壤分形维数并无明显相关性。     

祁连山南坡圆柏林土壤颗粒分形维数与理化性质的关系

通过野外采样、室内试验和数据分析,研究了祁连圆柏林土壤颗粒分形维数及其在土层深度上的变化规律,揭示了分形维数与土壤粘粒、粉粒和砂粒含量之间的关系,以及与土壤理化性质的相关关系。研究结果表明:①祁连山南坡祁连圆柏林土壤颗粒质地较粗,以粉粒和砂粒为主,分形维数值偏低;②祁连圆柏林土壤粘粒、粉粒和砂粒含量均随土层深度的增加出现波动性变化,而分形维数值在土层深度上则表现为随土层深度的增加呈逐层下降趋势;③祁连圆柏林土壤颗粒分形维数与粘粒(0.002mm)、粉粒(0.002～0.05mm)含量呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与砂粒(0.05～2mm)含量呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01);与土壤毛管孔隙度、土壤含水量、有机质呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与土壤PH值相关性不明显。     

分形法在活断层研究中的应用

分形理论把数学研究扩展到了传统几何学无法涉足的领域,自相似性是分形的核心。分形几何的主要工具是它的诸多形式的维数,分维值反映了分形集的复杂程度。     

浙江乐清湾海岸带人为干扰度的分形研究

以浙江省乐清湾多期遥感影像数据作为数据源,借助GIS和RS技术,分别提取了1981、1991、2001和2013年4个时期的海岸线矢量数据,通过计算海岸线分形维数,确定海岸线人为干扰等级的分形维数区间范围,界定海岸线分形维数与人为干扰强度的关系,从而进行乐清湾海岸带人为干扰强度评价。结果如下:(1)由分维数计算结果可看出,从1981-2013年乐清湾沿海地区人类干扰强度不断增大,分维数值由1.0764下降到1.0523。(2)从干扰强度来看,1981-2013年乐清湾沿海由微干扰进入中度干扰阶段。(3)乐清湾海岸线逐渐向海湾内部推进,并且海岸线复杂程度降低,人类活动对乐清湾作用强度逐渐增大,成为影响乐清湾海岸线分维数变化的主要驱动因素之一。     

基于GIS与分形理论的天山北坡城乡空间演变综合研究

利用遥感和GIS并结合分形理论研究区域城乡空间形态演变,揭示其变化规律,还是一项较为前沿的研究领域。本文集成GIS和分形研究等方法对天山北坡进行了区域和流域两个层面的城乡空间演变研究,初步探究了天山北坡城乡用地扩展方式的时空演变规律,对区域城乡发展的空间研究方法具有一定的指导意义。结果表明该区域城乡空间形态具有较好的分形特征,城市形态分维数由1.238减小为1.234;城镇聚落具有较乡村聚落更为明显的分形特征,分维数依次为市县(1.549)、乡镇(1.236)、村(1.213);城镇用地较农村居民点用地扩展迅速,城镇用地变化指数(0.47)大于农村居民点用地(0.16),城镇用地扩展以外延型为主,城镇化发展较快;城乡用地变化和分形特征均具有明显的空间差异和干旱区绿洲型特征;区域研究和流域研究结果基本一致。     

河南省洛宁县森林覆被及其变化的分形分析

该文应用盒子计数法分别计算了河南省洛宁县森林覆被类型及区域所有森林覆被空间分布的分维值，并讨论了森林覆被及其变化的分形性质。研究结果表明，森林覆被具有统计自相似性，是一类随机分形；分维是表征森林覆被及其变化空间结构信息的特征参数，值域为 < <2，在一定范围内分维值越大表明森林覆被愈复杂、愈不规则；分维值的大小与森林面积、斑块数量和平均斑块面积等项指标没有直接关系，而是三者有机结合的综合表现。     

高强箍筋混凝土简支梁斜裂缝分形理论研究和有限元分析

通过对8根集中荷载作用下高强箍筋T形截面简支梁的试验研究,运用分形理论和有限元法对试件中斜裂缝分布特征进行分析。分别计算分形维数表征的混凝土损伤断裂能和有限元分析的应力强度因子进行比较,结果表明:分形理论对斜裂缝自相似性有很好的量化关系,两种理论有很好的拟合。     

细骨料分形维数对砂浆抗氯离子侵蚀性能影响的试验研究

研究细骨料体积分形维数对混凝土抗氯离子侵蚀性能的影响。设计7组不同级配细骨料,计算其体积分形维数;采用7组不同级配细骨料制作砂浆试件并进行60 d氯离子干湿循环侵蚀试验,研究细骨料体积分形维数与砂浆试件氯离子表观扩散系数相关关系;采用电镜扫描试验观测各试件细观孔隙结构及孔隙分布情况,研究细骨料不同级配参数对水泥石细观结构发育及其抗氯盐侵蚀性能的影响。通过本文研究,建立了细骨料分形维数与砂浆抗氯离子侵蚀性能相关关系经验公式,得到细骨料级配参数不同对砂浆抗氯盐侵蚀性能的影响机理及规律。     

基于分形理论的土地利用空间行为特征——以江西东江源流域为例

为增进对土地利用空间行为变化的理解,以分形理论为指导,在RS和GIS技术支持下,建立了东江源流域土地利用空间数据库,运用分形模型和提取数据对江西东江源流域土地利用空间格局的变化进行了研究。获得了1985年和2000年两个时期各个土地利用类型的分形维数和不稳定性指数,并且参照了常用的景观指数,包括斑块密度指数、景观斑块形状破碎化指数和景观类型分离度指数,对土地利用空间行为变化进行了定量分析,研究结果显示,景观斑块破碎度指数由0. 945变为0. 936,呈下降趋势;其他林地和有林地等土地利用类型的稳定性呈上升趋势,而高覆盖度草地、水域、灌木林地、旱地、水田等土地利用类型的稳定性明显降低,说明近期应当对它们进行适当保护;对其他林地和有林地而言,分形维数降低的程度,一方面说明了土地斑块形态规整化改善的程度,另一方面也说明了人们改善土地形态的行为强度,如植树造林、退耕还林。     

戴云山黄山松林土壤水分物理性质空间变异特征与格局

土壤水分是植被格局形成和演变的关键因子,其空间异质性研究有助于理解高海拔植物幼苗更新对环境的响应机制。为此,采用地统计与GIS空间分析技术,对戴云山自然保护区陈板岭头1hm2黄山松林样地上100个10m×10m土壤水分实测数据的空间变异特征与格局进行分析。结果表明:土壤含水量、土壤容重、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度变异系数在12.26%~43.79%之间,均为中等变异;最佳半方差函数理论模型均为高斯模型;由随机性因素引起的空间变异占总变异的比例依次为0.15%、0.03%、0.18%和0;有效变程分别为19.40m、17.32m、17.32m和14.90m。4个指标各向异性明显,空间自相关范围总体均随空间距离增大而呈减弱趋势。分形维数:毛管孔隙度(1.793)土壤含水量(1.669)土壤容重(1.406)非毛管孔隙度(1.348),与半方差函数曲线所反映的规律相一致。从空间分布特征看,各指标均表现为带状和斑块状镶嵌分布。土壤含水量在东南方向、西边中部和北向中部都有高值区,而西南-东北向较低。毛管孔隙度与土壤含水量空间分布相似,土壤容重和非毛管孔隙的空间分布与土壤含水量呈互补趋势。土壤水分-物理性质各指标的空间变异和格局与研究区地形、植被覆盖以及微生境干扰有关。土壤含水量对黄山松幼苗更新有制约作用。研究结果可为黄山松林土壤水分取样设计和更新苗格局-过程机理研究提供理论依据。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence