北方农牧交错区降水过程的持续性特征与干旱发生趋势

过去50多年来,环境脆弱的北方农牧交错带中部区域增温明显且干旱频发,对生态系统和农牧民的生计造成极为严重的影响。认识该区域降水过程的持续性特征对准确预测未来可能面临的灾害事件及政策调整有重要意义。本文采用时序距平分析法与基于分形理论的重标极差分析法相结合的方式,详细分析了北方农牧交错带中部地区6个站点1956年-2009期间降水变化过程及其持续性特征。结果表明,研究区过去54年间的年降水量总体呈下降趋势,夏季降水量年际变化曲线与年降水量变化曲线基本一致,但春季降水量略有上升;在1年与5年时间尺度上,年降水量和各季节降水量变化均呈剧烈波动态势。值得注意的是,在5年时间尺度上,Hurst指数在整个研究区域上的平均值比其在1年时间尺度上的平均值更接近于1．0,即随着时间尺度的增大,降水过程的自相关性、持续性增强明显。在10年尺度上,研究区全年少水期的出现即距平值为负值的持续时间长约10年,而春季少水期出现的持续时间则可能长达20．30年。     

降水距平百分率在西藏干旱判定中的验证

本文选择1971—2000年5～8月降水量资料,采用我国通用的半干旱、半湿润地区干旱等级标准划分标准,对西藏地区主要农区6个气象观测站点的降水距平百分率进行分析,结果表明：降水距平百分率基本上能体现出西藏的干旱状况,但是干旱的轻重程度体现不够理想,因此对降水距平百分率的等级做出适当调整,调整后的降水距平百分率等级标准判断的干旱结果与实际出现的旱情基本吻合。     

东营市近46年降水变化特征分析

基于黄河下游流域的12个国家级气象站1968-2013年的降水数据,利用Arc GIS和Matlab工具,综合采用距平、Mann-Kendall、R/S分析和Morlet小波分析等分析方法,研究东营市降水量变化的多时间尺度的周期性变化规律,并对其未来趋势进行分析及预测,为研究黄河三角洲的气候水文变化提供借鉴意义。结果表明:东营地区近46年来的年降水量在总体上呈减少趋势,降幅为6.6mm/a,其年降水量的减少主要归因于夏季降水量的显著减少;预计其未来降水量一定时期内总体上呈增加的趋势。其年降水量时间序列的突变点与年降水序列及其累积距平曲线的转折点(数值变化梯度较大的点)相对应。通过小波分析周期性规律研究发现:总的来说,在降水过程中存在着19-28年、10-15年以及4-8年的三类尺度的周期变化规律,22年左右的周期震荡最强为第一主周期,其存在5个周期的波动控制着此地区降水在整个时间域内的变化特征。     

江西省2008年汛期降水环流背景分析及预测研究

采用逐日降水资料.计算2008年汛期(4～6月)降水量和洪涝指数.分析表明,汛期全省总降水量略偏少,无明显的大范围洪涝发生,呈现出南多北少、前少后多的时空分布特征.应用500hPa月平均高度场及距平场、西北太平洋副高特征量、海温、南海季风指教及前期气候资科,对2008年汛期降水特点进行了环流背景分析及预测研究.结果表明:北半球极涡中心强度偏弱.中纬度西风带北支锋区较为平直、位置偏北,副高偏弱、偏东、偏北是2008年汛期降水偏少的主要环流背景.汛期降水量存在着明显的周期变化.2000年以来处于少雨阶段、娜尼拉事件发生、南海季风爆发日期偏早、上年秋季降水偏少等,均是汛期降水偏少的预测强信号.     

ENSO事件对西藏夏季降水影响

本文对1969年以来夏季发生ENSO事件与西藏23个站点夏季（5-9月）、初夏（5-6月）、盛夏（7-8月）时段内降水量分别进行了初步探讨，结果发现当年夏季厄尔尼诺事件增强或开始发生当年除藏北一线、南部边缘部分地区的降水接近常年平均值或略多外，其余大部以偏少为主。拉尼娜事件当年，自治区大部地区降水偏多，而北部、南部与之相反。通过旱涝等级指数特征时间函数和23个站点降水距平百分率与ENSO事件的关系分析，在厄尔尼诺发生当年西藏主要农区降水量偏少或甚至为严重干旱，西藏北部和南部降水正常或偏多，强厄尔尼诺年为全区性干旱。拉尼娜发生当年西藏北部和南部降水偏少，而中部以涝为主。由于西藏高原地形复杂，区域降水明显，如果仅用全区降水特征向量时间函数与ENSO的关系，不能完全表达各地区的具体降水状况与ENSO的关系。为此用全区23个站点降水距平百分率与ENSO的关系进行了详细的分析研究。其中对西藏主要农区7个代表站（拉萨、日喀则、泽当、江孜、浪卡子、昌都、林芝），夏季（5-9月）降水距平及距平百分率与ENSO事件的关系和两个不同事件中的降水差异体了重点分析。总之西藏地区最严惩干旱发生在厄尔尼诺事件出现的当年，洪涝最严重的也是发生在拉尼娜事件当年，由此推断，ENSO不仅预测西藏地区旱涝发生提供了某些物理依据，而且也可作为西藏中部农区发生旱涝的一种信号。     

1961-2010年黄淮海流域旱涝时空变化特征

本文选取标准化降水指数(SPI),以黄淮海流域145个气象站点1961-2010年逐日降水资料为基础,选取旱涝频率和旱涝范围作为评价指标,结合morlet小波分析法和经验正交分解函数(EOF),从时间和空间两个方面对黄淮海流域旱涝变化特征进行分析。结果显示:研究时段内,黄淮海流域气候总体呈暖干化趋势,除中度干旱主周期为10年外,其余各级干旱、洪涝范围的主周期分别为20~25年、25~33年,另外除极度洪涝外,其余各级旱涝的突变年份均在1977-1978年左右;空间上,流域内洪涝频率总体上低于干旱频率,在大尺度气候异常影响下,黄河、海河流域旱涝变化基本同步,淮河流域与其它两流域旱涝变化相反。此外,受纬度和季风气候等因素的综合作用,流域内旱涝变化呈纬向分布特征。     

广西西南部干旱指数分析

利用崇左市7个气象站1965-2010年每日的降水资料及雨日,计算三个干旱监测指标:综合干旱指数、降水距平百分率及累计降水距平、标准化降水指数(SPI),结果以用于综合监测某时段旱涝程度。三个干旱监测指标计算结果与灾情实况对比分析表明,综合干旱指数和降水距平百分率都能很好地反映广西西南部的干旱情况;标准化降水指数(SPI)采用的是Γ分布概率来描述降水量的变化,只计算降水为0时的概率,因而与实际有差距。如果按广西西南部的实际情况,统计降水≥1.0mm的概率,则计算出的结果与实况比较接近。     

南通地区1960 年-2007 年气温与降水的年际和季节变化特征

以南通地区7个观测站点逐月平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温和降水量数据为基础,采用线性趋势法、滑动平均法、Malln—Kendall非参数检验法、滑动t检验法和小波分析方法,分析了1960年一2007年南通地区气温、降水的年际和季节变化趋势和突变、周期变化特征。结果表明：1960年-2007年,年际变化以最低气温的较大增幅和较早突变为特征。季节变化以秋冬季平均气温、平均最低气温增温明显,且冬季降水量增加,以及秋冬季增暖突变较早为主要特征。周期变化上,气温和降水参数多存在较大时间尺度上较为稳定的变化特征,如牟平均气温21—30a和春季降水量14—25a时间尺度的变化。小尺度上（10a以下）的变化较为频繁,但不是很稳定。总体上,南通地区气温突变时间要晚于我国西部和中部地区,而降水变化不显著。     

呼和浩特市自然生态及降水量特征分析

根据内蒙古气象局数据库20年降水资料,研究了呼和浩特市周边降水特征分析,结果表明:研究站点降雨量有着明显的空间分布,降雨量呈现出显著的年、季节、月变化;年降水量最低值年份出现在1986年～1987年和1999年,年降水量均未超过300mm,年降雨量最大值出现在1998年;夏季的降水最多,冬季最少。     

浙江降水量场时空分布变化的特征

应用EOF方法对浙江省38个气象观测站43年（1961．1～2003．12）的月、季降水量距平场的时空分布变化进行统计分析,结果表明：浙江省降水量场的空间分布主要有南北分布型和东西分布型,春、冬季节以南北分布为主,夏、秋季节以东西分布为主。冬季降水场的空间分布尺度比夏季大;夏季降水场空间分布的年际变化比冬季大。秋季降水场空间分布变化的显著周期为9～14年,冬季降水场空间分布变化的显著周期为3．5～4．7年,而春季和夏季降水场空间分布则无显著周期存在。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.