高等教育质量建设中高校与社会互动机制研究

在高等教育质量建设过程中,高校、政府是主导,社会是高等教育的承接者和受益者,三者对高等教育各有诉求。高校、政府和社会的良性互动是实现高等教育质量提升的有效路径,而良性互动的形成重在互动机制的建立。     

The stability of visual habituation during the first year of life

The short-term reliability and long-term stability of visual habituation and dishabituation in infancy were assessed in a sample of 186 infants from 4 age groups (3-, 4-, 7-, and 9-month-olds) seen for 2 within-age sessions and in a sample of 69 infants seen longitudinally at 3, 4, 7, and 9 months of age. Moderate week-to-week reliability (r's = .30-.50) was observed for duration-based and magnitude of habituation variables at all ages, although better reliability was evident at 4 and 9 months than at 3 and 7 months. In most cases, the reliability of habituation magnitude measures was attributable to the reliability of the peak fixation alone. Data from the longitudinal sample suggested that only the duration of peak fixation was consistently stable across the ages tested, although stability for several measures emerged across the 7-9-month testing. No consistent reliability or stability emerged for the presence or magnitude of dishabituation in either sample.     

亲缘选择下网络互惠和直接互惠对合作进化的作用

合作的进化源于多种机制,主要包括亲缘选择、互惠利他和组选择.本文在亲缘选择下,基于囚徒困境和雪堆博弈的收益矩阵建立相应模型,讨论直接互惠和网络互惠对合作进化的作用.并对不同类型的博弈促进合作进化的条件进行分析.文中采用了"生灭"、"灭生"及"模仿"三种不同的更新机制.分析结果表明,在亲缘选择下,基于囚徒困境和雪堆博弈的直接互惠和网络互惠在不同的条件下可以促进合作的进化.     

多次作用物理问题的求解

多次作用的物理问题被认为是高考乃至物理竞赛中的重点和难点问题。用不同的求解方法来解决多种类型的多次作用的物理问题。     

The interplay between input and initial biases: asymmetries in vowel perception during the first year of life

Vowels with extreme articulatory-acoustic properties act as natural referents. Infant perceptual asymmetries point to an underlying bias favoring these referent vowels. However, as language experience is gathered, distributional frequency of speech sounds could modify this initial bias. The perception of the /i/-/e/ contrast was explored in 144 Catalan- and Spanish-learning infants (2 languages with a different distribution of vowel frequency of occurrence) at 4, 6, and 12 months. The results confirmed an acoustic bias at 4 and 6 months in all infants. However, at 12 months, discrimination was not affected by the acoustic bias but by the frequency of occurrence of the vowel.     

建立互惠共享实践教学基地的探索与实践

通过对目前我国生态学专业实践教学和教学实践基地建设中存在的主要问题的分析,文章从互惠共享途径、基地体系建设、基地平台功能完善三个方面总结了山东大学生态学专业建立互惠共享教学实践基地的做法和效果,并在此基础上探讨了教学实践基地平台资源大范围共享和系统化建设的问题。     

论权利和义务关系的对等性和非对等性

权利和义务是普遍存在的社会关系的本质要求,两者相互影响、相互制约的联系体现为一般相关性和特殊相关性。前者表现为权利和义务关系的对等性(或对应性、同位性或直接统一性),后者则体现为权利和义务关系的非对等性(不平衡性或间接统一性),两者构成了权利和义务关系原理的基本方面。考察权利或义务与主体间接相关的情况及区分义务在法理层次和道义层次的不同内涵、意义,既是深刻认识这两种属性在权利和义务关系原理中的不同特质的基础,也是建构社会权利、义务关系体系的重要理论前提。以正确理解的权利和义务关系原理来建构社会权利、义务关系体系,应避免本位论的误置,坚持"人对权利的拥有是以他履行相应的义务为条件的"这一基本原则,同时应建立公正的社会道德、法律评价原则以及健全的奉献与回报机制。     

基于行为博弈论的企业与其职工的互惠研究

以行为博弈论的序贯互惠模型为基础讨论企业与职工的博弈,考虑了在企业中工作的职工在工作的过程中会产生一个拖延,通过对企业与职工的序贯互惠均衡的讨论得出了可以解决问题的四个方向：增加未来收益预期、增加企业对职工的信任程度、增加企业给职工的每期收益、缩短工作的时间也就经常增加企业的新力量。而通过这样的互惠行为二者的收益都会增加。     

论反倾销立法确立"对等原则"之必要性

以欧盟和美国为代表的各国反倾销立法存在诸多差异,我国反倾销的相关规定还有很多不足,故我国企业在应对外国的反倾销措施以及我国对外国企业提起反倾销诉讼都容易遭遇困境。"对等原则"是对外贸易法的基本原则,反倾销法作为对外贸易法的一个分支法应在立法中明确"对等原则"。我们可以针对欧美反倾销法中存在的明显差异,以我国的反倾销法为中心,根据"对等原则"来判定外国是否存在倾销行为。     

Legendre符号及Gauss二次互反律的证明

介绍了Legendre符号的应用,给出了初等数论中Gauss二次互反律的一个证明,证明中的个别地方在常见文献中不曾见过,并将Legendre符号与Jacobi符号在计算上给予了比较和总结。     

Assessing value-added in the first year of schooling: Some results and methodological considerations

This article reports data from children aged about 5 years in their 1st year of schooling. Scores on tests of both literacy and numeracy at the start and end of the year were used to derive value-added measures of progress using both residual gain analysis and multilevel (ML) modelling. Results indicated that the school was more effective in explaining pupil progress than the class; that the schools and/or classes which add the greatest value in literacy tended also to be those which added the greatest value in numeracy; and that the numbers of classes and schools which were significantly different from the sample mean depended greatly on which method was used. It is concluded that while ML modelling is preferable to residual gain analysis for research, it may not be as suitable for feedback purposes.     

Nonmaternal care in the first year of life and the security of infant-parent attachment

Evidence from 2 longitudinal studies of infant and family development was combined and examined in order to determine if experience of extensive nonmaternal care in the first year is associated with heightened risk of insecure infant-mother attachment and, in the case of sons, insecure infant-father attachment. Analysis of data obtained during Strange Situation assessments conducted when infants were 12 and 13 months of age revealed that infants exposed to 20 or more hours of care per week displayed more avoidance of mother on reunion and were more likely to be classified as insecurely attached to her than infants with less than 20 hours of care per week. Sons whose mothers were employed on a full-time basis (greater than 35 hours per week) were more likely to be classified as insecure in their attachments to their fathers than all other boys, and, as a result, sons with 20 or more hours of nonmaternal care per week were more likely to be insecurely attached to both parents and less likely to be securely attached to both parents than other boys. A secondary analysis of infants with extensive care experience who did and did not develop insecure attachment relationships with their mothers highlights several conditions under which the risk of insecurity is elevated or reduced. Both sets of findings are considered in terms of other research and the context in which infant day-care is currently experienced in the United States.     

明清时期闽台家族文化的互动与变异

闽台家族文化源远流长并对世代产生重要影响。文章主要讨论大陆内地的家族文化自福建传播到台湾后,台湾家族文化与福建家族文化所发生的互动与变异情况,试图阐释同一文化区的不同地域之间同一文化类型的共性与个性。     

A longitudinal study of visual expectation and reaction time in the first year of life

Developmental change and stability of visual expectation and reaction times (RT) were examined at 5, 7, and 12 months in a longitudinal sample of term and preterm infants (birthweight <1,750 g). Using the traditional 200-ms cut-point to separate anticipatory from reactive saccades, RTs (and their standard deviations) declined markedly over age, whereas anticipations increased. Those infants who had faster RTs were more likely to anticipate upcoming events and were more attentive (fewer trials off-task and less response variability). Crossage stability was modest for most measures from 5 to 7 and 7 to 12 months, but rarely significant from 5 to 12 months. When the cut-point was lowered to 150 ms (to accommodate recent concerns that the higher cut-point may misclassify some true RTs as anticipations), the age-related increase in anticipations disappeared. Thus, although the results indicate marked increases in processing speed with age, evidence for increasing anticipations is equivocal. Findings were similar for preterm and term infants.     

Predicting reading performance during the first and the second year of primary school

The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the developmental antecedents of reading performance and its subcomponents from the beginning of the first year to the end of the second year of primary school. One‐hundred‐and‐fourteen seven‐year‐old Finnish‐speaking children were tested on reading‐related skills during their first week of school using a test battery designed for school entrants. Following this they were examined six times on word reading and reading comprehension skills. The results showed that the reading‐related variables predicting reading performance varied according to the phase of reading development. Moreover, partially different antecedents predicted word reading and reading comprehension. Word reading was associated with letter knowledge and listening comprehension, whereas initial word reading skill and listening comprehension were highly associated with the development of reading comprehension. The results support the development of reading instructional methods that take into account these differences in the components of reading performance and their development.     

在文化语境中浅析英汉新词新语的相互影响

新词新语是对社会现象的一种文化表达,研究语言不能脱离其所在的社会、文化背景。在文化语境中分析新词新语,可以更好地探寻语言与社会的关系。该文将从影响英语和汉语发展的主要几种文化语境:多元文化历史背景、发展中的东西方社会文化、信息时代的网络文化三个方面去讨论英语和汉语新词新语的产生、发展及相互影响。通过分析可以总结出:语言在与社会、文化的共同演变中富有创新性、多样性;英语和汉语之间相互影响,互为生长;要重视文化建设创造美好的语言环境。     

The emergence of gestures in the first year of life in the Infant School classroom

European Journal of Psychology of Education - The psychological literature on the development of gestures during the first year of life has been limited. It has mainly focused on the development of...