体育锻炼对儿童性别角色社会化的影响

采用玩具选择任务研究范式,对81名来自小学和业余体校的儿童进行了实验研究。结果表明:(1)儿童性别角色的社会化受到儿童的性别、体育运动项目以及参加该运动时间等因素的影响。(2)参加跆拳道和体操训练都会强化男孩的男性化性别角色,弱化女孩的女性化性别角色。参加跆拳道训练对儿童性别角色的影响较参加体操训练更明显。(3)参加体育运动的时间越长,对儿童性别角色社会化的影响越大。     

‘Play With Us,Not Against Us’: The Debate About Play Days in the Regulation of Women's Sport

During the 1920s, women physical educators promoted play days as an alternative model of sport for women that emphasized participation over competition. Play days were special events where girls played a variety of games and sports in teams comprised of girls from different schools. Winning was not important to the success of the day but social activities were. Women physical educators believed this model would ensure that women's sport avoided the abuses found in men's athletics while staying within the boundaries of acceptable gender and class behaviour. The women's leadership worked diligently to market play days as the correct way for women to play sports. They were quite successful with schools and colleges but not in other sport settings. By the 1960s, social forces began to erode the barriers between the play day model and the competitive model. The legacy of play days was at best a mixed one.     

Promoting girls' participation in sports: discursive constructions of girls in a sports initiative

What does it mean to promote girls' participation in sports and which girls are seen as needing support? In this article we focus a government-financed sports venture and scrutinize the frames governing what is possible to say about girls and their participation in sports. By analyzing project applications from local sport clubs we investigate how the category of girls is discursively constructed in projects designed to promote girls' sports participation. The study employs the Foucauldian concepts of governmentality, power, biopower and normalization. The analyses show that teenage girls in particular are in focus and a number of ideas are presented about what becoming a teenage girl means. We consider the projects as part of governmentality. Framing girls as both ‘capable’ and ‘at risk’ is reasonable in liberal governing, where they become subjects of scrutiny, regulation and productivity.     

Queering the Pitch and Coming Out to Play: Lesbians in Physical Education and Sport

Abstract

This paper analyses the social construction of heterosexuality and the existence of heterosexism and homophobia within physical education and sport and the impact that they have had on the participation of women and girls in sport. In order to illustrate some of these issues specific attention is directed towards recent research that has explored both the educative and sporting lives of lesbian physical education teachers in England. Further, the paper focuses on those (few) sporting dykes who have dared to come out to play. In so doing reference is made to the lives of ‘girl jocks’, both in individual and team sports and to those sporting arenas where lesbians have been free(r) to play. The paper concludes by offering strategies to not only reclaim sport but to transform it so that just and equitable participation for all might be realised.

     

师范类体育专业大学生运动损伤情况调查与分析

运用问卷调查法对师范体育类专业324名大学生运动损伤状况进行调查分析,旨在发现体育专业学生运动损伤的特点、原因及规律,并针对损伤的预防与处理的相关问题提出恰当意见,为其运动损伤的防控工作提供理论依据。研究结果表明:损伤的主要原因是思想上不重视、不合理的准备活动和场地器材因素;身体发生损伤较多的部位是踝关节、膝关节和腰部;损伤发生率较高的运动项目是篮球、田径和足球;经常发生损伤的时期是专业训练课和课余自我锻炼期间;低年级学生比高年级学生更易发生损伤;学生普遍轻视损伤后的治疗,伤病未愈的比率较多。     

Gender Verifications in Sport: From an East/West Antagonism to a North/South Antagonism

This paper aims to analyze gender verifications in sport from a socio-historical approach. These medical controls intended to keep men from competing in women's international competitions. Some female athletes are put through a masculinization trial, because of morphologies and performances judged as too masculine. Facing these athletes who disrupt the representation of a binary construction between the male sex and the female sex, sports institutions attempt to maintain a sexual bi-categorization. More precisely, this paper will present the ‘symbolic’ suppression of tests since 2000. Thereafter, authorities only rely on an aesthetic and visual assessment of female bodies and no longer use tests in a systematic and obligatory fashion. This reveals the moving boundary subjectively plotted between the masculine and the feminine, which become all the more blurred when the ‘race and class markers’ interfere with the ‘sex markers’.     

Relationship between sport knowledge, sport performance and academic ability: empirical evidence from GCSE Physical Education. General Certificate of Secondary Education.

The literature concerning links between sport knowledge, sport performance and academic ability is reviewed and related to empirical evidence obtained from a GCSE examination in Physical Education, together with GCSE Mathematics and GCSE English grades. For most sports examined, there was a small but significant positive correlation between sport performance and GCSE Mathematics and English grades, confirming the findings of most previous research. Using a multilevel multivariate model, average sport performance, academic ability and sex were important explanatory variables for sport knowledge, yet only academic ability was an important explanatory variable for the concept of physical education knowledge. Ability in game sports, rather than athletics, were related to sport knowledge. Males scored higher for sport knowledge than females, after taking into account sport performance and academic ability. The effects of sport performance and academic ability on sport knowledge were stable across schools, but there was some evidence that the effect of sex varied across schools. These findings support theories of a role for sport knowledge in sport performance; that such a role should be greater in game sports; that academic ability is important for gaining such knowledge; and they highlight differences in sport knowledge between the sexes.     

Correlates of Sport Participation among Adolescent Girls

Abstract

Most research on the correlates of sport involvement has utilized male samples. The present study focuses on a sample of high school girl gymnasts, basketball players, track participants, and a control group of nonathletes. The correlates of participation investigated include familial factors, peers, teachers and coaches' encouragement to participate in sports, and the social psychological variables of perceived femininity, self-reported athletic ability, and body image. The findings indicate that socialization into sport begins in childhood and continues into high school with considerable encouragement from significant others. The basketball players reported somewhat less encouragement and tend to see themselves as less feminine than the other athletes. Athletes had higher self-perceptions of athletic ability than the nonathletes. The athletes' perceptions of their body image were generally more positive than the nonathletes. This latter finding suggests a reduction of stigma formerly associated with female involvement in sport.     

The Role of Sport as a Social Status Determinant for Children

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of sport as a social status determinant among racially diverse children. Participants were 1,233 fourth- to seventh-grade children. Results indicated there were gender, grade, and racial differences for the selection of social status determinants. Boys placed more importance than girls on being good at sports and wealth. Girls placed more importance than boys on getting good grades and being attractive. Fourth- and fifth-grade students ranked getting good grades as most important, while sixth- and seventh-grade students ranked being attractive as most important. Non-Hispanic Caucasian students ranked being good at sports and being attractive as most important, while African American students ranked getting good grades and wealth as most important.     

浙江省慈溪市中学生余暇体育现状、特点的分析与研究

通过对慈溪市中学生余暇体育现状的分析与研究表明：慈溪市中学生对体育活动的认识不足;活动时间与次数明显达不到《学校体育工作条例》之规定要求;体育活动选择面较窄,且男女生间存有较大差异;场地器材短缺和学习负担过重等外在客观条件是学生参加余暇体育活动的主要障碍因素。建议改革学校体育教育,以改变学生余暇体育活动中的不足之处,提高学生的体质健康水平。     

Little Girls in Pretty Shells: The Introduction of Lightweight Women's Events in Competitive International Rowing

In a sport that was predominantly ‘masculine’, women struggled for recognition, not least because they were regarded as weaker and therefore inferior to men; in addition, the dominant discourse within rowing suggested that to compete at the highest level would compromise an oarswoman's femininity. Thus, when women were admitted to international competition in 1954 it was under special conditions. Thereafter, though heavyweight oarswomen competed at international level, lightweights were effectively marginalized by the absence of a FISA-recognized classification. Though they were seen as more feminine than the ‘fat Russians’ who dominated women's heavyweight rowing, they were also subject to criticism because of the limitations that their physique imposed on their performance. The political battle within FISA to establish a lightweight women's class intensified in the ten years after international competition for lightweight men was approved in 1974. Eventually, in 1985, FISA recognized lightweight women's competitive international rowing, though it remained subject to important limitations.     

Age Role Expectations and Sex Role Expectations for Selected Sport Activities

Abstract

The primary purpose of this study was to determine if role expectations for participation in 12 selected sport activities existed based on the age (20, 40, 60, or 80 years old) and/or gender of the referent person. A secondary purpose was to determine if the sex role orientation of the respondent influenced the assignment of these age related and/or gender related stereotypes to participation in sport. Female undergraduate nursing students (N = 93) were administered an Activity Appropriateness Scale developed by the investigators and Bem's Sex-Role Inventory (1974). The results indicated that age related expectancies accounted for almost 40% of the variance in subject's responses to the appropriateness of participating in these selected sports and was a more potent stereotype than responses based on sex role appropriateness. Furthermore, sex role orientation × age of the referent person interactions indicated that masculine subjects viewed sports participation as most appropriate, particularly as the age of the referent person increased from 60 to 80 years. The evidence suggests that research be directed toward examining and accounting for the phenomenon of ageism in sport.     

The role of sport as a social status determinant for children: thirty years later

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of sport as a social status determinant among racially diverse children. Participants were 1,233 fourth- to seventh-grade children. Results indicated there were gender, grade, and racial differences for the selection of social status determinants. Boys placed more importance than girls on being good at sports and wealth. Girls placed more importance than boys on getting good grades and being attractive. Fourth- and fifth-grade students ranked getting good grades as most important, while sixth- and seventh-grade students ranked being attractive as most important. Non-Hispanic Caucasian students ranked being good at sports and being attractive as most important, while African American students ranked getting good grades and wealth as most important     

Do as I say: contradicting beliefs and attitudes towards sports concussion in Australia

The objective of this study was to explore beliefs and attitudes of students studying exercise science in Australia towards sports concussion. A secondary objective explored differences between gender and previous experience of concussion. A total of 312 participants (m = 217; f = 95) responded to a series of statements ranging across a number of areas including personal attitudes and beliefs towards concussion: if they would risk playing with a concussion; their views on elite/professional athletes who continue to play after a concussion; and attitudes towards rehabilitation. Overall, attitudes revealed that it was not safe to play with a concussion, and it was believed that those who have had repeated concussions would be likely to suffer problems later in life. However, responses also indicated that they would risk playing with a concussion, and admired elite athletes who continued to play. When controlling for gender and previous concussions, males and those who sustained a previous concussion/s were more likely to continue playing. Conversely, females were more likely to complete rehabilitation prior to returning to sport. This study demonstrates in an Australian student cohort studying for a career in exercise and sports science, disparity between beliefs and attitudes regarding sports concussion.     

湖南省二、四年级大学生的最大吸氧量及体育行为

用12min跑推算法对湖南省、理、工、医、农5大类专业400名二、四年级男、女学生的蕞大吸氧量(VO2max)，及湖南省四年级大学生体育行为进行调查研究，结果表明：不论男、女二年级学生的最大吸氧量均高于四年级学生；且其规律性与用直接法测得的我省一般大学生VO2max的结果一致。提示用12min跑推测大学生VO2max是适合的。高校体育教育对大学生体育行为的形式具有积极的作用。     

Hegemonic masculinity in sport education: case studies of pre-service physical education teachers with teaching orientations

Previous research had indicated that pre-service teachers (PTs) with coaching orientations reinforced sexism and masculine bias while employing the sport education (SE) model. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether or not and the degree to which SE delivered by PTs with teaching orientations served to combat or reinforce sexism and masculine bias. Participants were two PTs who taught four SE seasons during their culminating internship. The theory of hegemonic masculinity guided data collection and analysis. Data were collected through formal, informal and stimulated recall interviews, passive participant observation, and document analysis. Analytic induction and constant comparison were used to analyze the data. Findings revealed that masculine bias and sexism were largely combatted and rejected during the SE seasons and that the PTs provided a relatively equitable experience for girls and smaller, less physically able boys. Key reasons for the PTs' success included their liberal views about sport, their willingness to confront the prevailing sporting culture and the fact that they taught elementary-aged children.     

大学生体育社团课程化管理的实践与研究——高校课内外一体化专项体育俱乐部课程模式设计

在实践探索和调查研究的基础上,描述了我国大学生体育社团的现状特征,分析了制约大学生体育社团发展的主要因素,总结了上海交大学生体育社团学分制管理的实验研究,设计了以选修学分为杠杆、以专项运动为依托、以专项体育教师群体为主导、以爱好专项运动学生群体为主体的课内外一体化单项体育俱乐部课程模式.     

Children's physical activity and physical self-perceptions

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between physical self-perceptions and physical activity in Canadian school children aged 10–14 years. The sample consisted of 220 boys and 246 girls in grades 5–8. Physical activity was assessed by 7-day recall using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Selfperceptions of physical conditioning, sports competence, strength, body appearance and general physical selfworth were measured by the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP). We found that boys were more physically active than girls and had higher perceptions of sport competence and strength. All PSPP scales were significantly correlated with physical activity in both boys and girls. Structural equation modelling procedures found the hierarchical PSPP model provided a good fit to the observed data, with little evidence of diff erences between the sexes. Analysis of five alternative structural models of the relationship between the PSPP and physical activity found the most parsimonious model to have significant pathways from both physical conditioning and sport skills to physical activity. Models for the sample as a whole, for boys and for girls were similar, accounting for an R 2 of 0.27–0.29 for physical activity. Our results demonstrate that physical self-perceptions, especially physical conditioning and sport skills, are significant correlates of activity in this population.     

Sport-Related Identities and the "Toxic Jock"

Little attention has been paid to the multidimensional nature of athletic involvement, which includes identity formation as well as participation in sports activities. Five hundred eighty-one sport-involved undergraduate students completed a questionnaire assessing their sport-related identities, goal orientations, primary sport ratings, and conformity to masculine norms. F-tested mean comparisons and hierarchical linear regressions were used to explore the characteristics associated with two distinct sport-related identities ("athletes" and "jocks"). Jock identity was associated with an ego-oriented approach to sports (men only), whereas athlete identity was associated with a task-oriented approach (both genders). Jock identity was positively associated with conformity to masculine norms, particularly for men, whereas athlete identity was positively associated with some masculine norms (i.e., Winning) and negatively associated with others (i.e., Playboy). These findings help to identify the correlates of a "toxic Jock" identity that may signal elevated risk for health-compromising behavior.     

Gender constructions and negotiations in physical education: case studies

In Denmark as in other European countries, many girls, and especially Muslim girls, seem to lose interest in physical activities and sport with increasing age. However, in a Danish context, little is known about the reasons why girls drop out of sport and which role physical education (PE) plays in this process. In this article we present results of a qualitative study on gendered discourses and doing gender in a PE class at a Danish high school. Drawing on constructivist and post-structuralist approaches to gender and ethnicity, we explore the different opportunities of girls in PE based on in-depth interviews and video observations. Three case studies of three girls are the focus of this article: Nanna, the Danish ‘athletic girl’ who found a balance between (en)acting femininity and presenting herself as a competent athlete; Iram, the ‘Muslim girl’ whose position as a Muslim causes her to hide her sporting abilities and Ida, the Danish ‘normal girl’ who re-interprets PE and adapts it to her needs. These three girls act in and react to a discourse that emphasises competitive sport and is orientated towards male sport tastes and sport practices. The results of this study indicate that PE, with its focus on games and performances, meets the requirements and expectations of many boys but contributes to the decrease in sporting interests and activities among numerous girls.