Sovereignty, Globalism, and Information Flow in Complex Emergencies

Because of rapid developments in information technology, abuses of sovereignty by authoritarian governments have received much publicity in recent years, raising public consciousness of massive human rights violations to new levels. Contributing to the dialogue on the influence of information technology on social systems, this article explores (1) the contested role of information in disaster relief efforts, (2) the clash of political and social values emerging from the use of information within the international community's involvement in high-profile crises, such as those in Somalia, Bosnia, and Rwanda, and (3) the resultant rethinking of government's power within national borders, sovereignty. With life-anddeath stakes, international affirmation of a free flow of information during disasters is emerging as a global human rights mandate.     

Caught inside the black box: Criminalization,opaque technology,and the New York subway MetroCard

Abstract

This article investigates how an account of hidden, internal properties of an everyday technology became a framework to interpret human action as a serious crime. Using a case study situated in the New York subway system, I examine the criminalization of a practice of New York’s poor known as “selling swipes” performed by so-called “swipers”. A high court came to classify the practice as felony forgery, interpreting it though an expert-witness account of how objects physically manipulated by swipers interact with a secretive, proprietary digital information system. Thousands of felony arrests – overwhelmingly of nonwhite men – have been legitimated under this theory, in which the crime occurs on a plane of technical interactions to which swipers have no access. Through close examination of the underlying technology (known as MetroCard), however, I show considerable problems in the authorities’ understanding of the technology, illustrating the hazards of interpreting human action through proprietary or complex systems, especially as they are represented solely through expert accounts. The case demonstrates fresh connections between technology and unequal outcomes in the U.S. criminal justice system, and suggests an emerging form of social vulnerability, to interpretations of our actions through the logic of technologies black-boxed to us.     

基于模糊神经网络的版权产业发展水平评价模型

针对我国版权相关产业发展特点,确立了与版权产业发展水平相关的4类一级评价指标及19项二级评价指标,利用层次分析法及模糊神经网络机器学习技术,构建了对我国分区域版权相关产业发展水平的模糊评价模型,并利用该模型对2017年我国部分区域版权产业发展综合水平进行预测评价。结果表明,该模型具有良好的预测性能和较低的预测误差。最后本文提出了加强我国版权产业发展的相关建议。     

控股股东社会资本、创新意愿与技术创新的关系——兼议股权资本和产权性质的情境效应

从控股股东这一资源提供者的角度出发,放宽控股权等于控制权的假设前提,深入探究控股股东社会资本对企业技术创新的作用路径与内在机理。研究发现：控股股东的社会资本增强了其谋取控制权私有收益的动机和能力,会抑制企业的技术创新水平,但其创新意愿会削弱这一负向影响;此外,上述传导关系在低股权资本和非国有样本中更加显著。研究揭示控股股东社会资本这一隐性权力与企业技术创新不足间的内在关系,并在此基础上理清不同情境下的差异性影响,以期丰富技术创新微观层面的影响因素,并为政府和监管部门对相关信息披露政策的补充和完善提供参考。     

Technology sovereignty as an emerging frame for innovation policy. Defining rationales,ends and means

In recent years, global technology-based competition has not only intensified, but become increasingly linked to a more comprehensive type of competition between different political and value systems. The globalist assumptions of the post-Cold War era that reliable mutually beneficial agreements could be reached with all nations, regardless of ideology, have been shattered. A previously less visible, mostly political, risk dimension has been brought to the fore by recent geopolitical and geo-economic developments. Against this background, the notion of technology sovereignty has gained prominence in national and international debates, cutting across and adding to established rationales of innovation policy.In this paper, we propose and justify a concise yet nuanced concept of technology sovereignty to contribute to and clarify this debate. In particular, we argue that technology sovereignty should be conceived as state-level agency within the international system, i.e. as sovereignty of governmental action, rather than (territorial) sovereignty over something. Against this background, we define technology sovereignty not as an end in itself, but as a means to achieving the central objectives of innovation policy - sustaining national competitiveness and building capacities for transformative policies. By doing so, we position ourselves between a naive globalist position which largely neglects the risks of collaboration and the promotion of near autarky which disregards the inevitable costs of creating national redundancies and reducing cooperative interdependencies. We finish by providing a set of policy suggestions to support technology sovereignty in line with our conceptual approach.     

粤港澳大湾区协同技术创新现状与趋势研究

以粤港澳大湾区合作申请专利计量信息为依据,采用SPSS统计分析法对大湾区11个城市协同技术创新的时序、技术领域、区域空间分布、协同主体等现状特征进行了探究,并对其趋势进行了预测。研究发现：（1）大湾区协同技术创新呈持续增长态势,正逐渐从数量速度型向质量效益型转变。（2）大湾区城市间的协同技术创新发展不平衡,具有地域邻近特征。（3）各城市间协同技术创新的核心技术有所差异,新兴核心技术领域空间集聚效应越趋明显。（4）各城市应该结合技术创新优势,增强对创新技术研发的协作、吸收和转化,促进核心技术和新兴技术不断生长、更新和发展。     

中国微生物组计划:机遇与挑战

微生物组是指一个特定环境或者生态系统中全部微生物及其遗传信息,包括其细胞群体和数量、全部遗传物质(基因组),它界定了涵盖微生物群及其全部遗传与生理功能,其内涵包括了微生物与其环境和宿主的相互作用。微生物组学是一个崭新的学科,微生物组研究取得的成果,必将为国家经济社会发展、人类生活质量改善提供源源不断的创新活力。因此,微生物组学也是一个世界各国争相发展的战略性科技领域,美国、日本等发达国家已经部署了支持微生物组研究的国家计划。在分析国内发展现状的基础上,结合我国发展过程中的国家需求,文章分析了我国微生物组研究面临的机遇和挑战,提出了部署中国微生物组计划"国家需求导向、科学假设驱动、技术创新支撑"的基本原则。建议设立中国微生物组计划国家重点研发计划;探讨了中国微生物组计划的重点领域和内容,涉及健康、环境、工农业和海洋等领域。希望通过中国微生物组计划的实施,主导国际大科学计划并强化我国在相应领域的话语权,显著提升我国科技创新和科技成果转化能力,催生一批基于颠覆性技术的战略性新兴产业,为我国经济社会发展和人类文明进步作出应有的贡献。     

TECHNOLOGICAL SOVEREIGNTY: FORGOTTEN FACTOR IN THE ‘HI-TECH’ RAZZAMATAZZ

Technological sovereignty is the capability and the freedom to select, to generate or acquire and to apply, build upon and exploit commercially technology needed for industrial innovation. It is to be distinguished from technological self-sufficiency, which is the possession of, or the ability to generate readily, all technology required. Australia's past failure to take the sovereignty factor into account has far-reaching implications for future industry/technology strategy.     

从社会需求看基础科学研究关键领域

科学技术是一个国家综合国力的重要体现,而基础科学则是科学技术发展的基础。只有重视基础研究,才能不断增强自主创新能力。基础研究作为知识和技术的储备,既保证为社会经济发展持续供给科技成果,又能拓展人类知识前沿并促进社会进步。当前,世界各国重视基础科学研究对于经济社会发展的实质性作用,科技创新政策和治理日益"以任务为导向"。未来基础科学发展更要关注基础科学对于社会经济发展的实际作用。文章从社会需求出发,以人为关键要素,重点阐述生命健康、社会发展与自然环境改善、变革性技术发展和提升基础科学能力的方法等4个方面的基础科学研究进展。     

地理教学利用信息能力培养的初步探索

当今社会日新月异的科学技术的进步,新生事物的不断涌现,社会文化的多元性与开放性,巨大的信息资源充满于我们的生产生活之中,随着社会信息化程度的加深,获取整合有效信息已成为人们学习、工作中不可缺少的部分,教师作为学生的引路人,对学生利用信息能力的培养已是义不容辞的职责。     

National Identity and the Informational Welfare State: Turkey and Malaysia Compared

Researchers have found a number of economic, technological, and political factors to be associated with the diffusion of information technology in developing countries. But cultural factors generally, and national identity in particular, have almost never been viewed as consequential. Castells and Himanen's 2002 study of the information society in Finland, in which the authors identify Finnish national culture as an impetus to the development of the country's informational welfare state, is the most prominent exception to this pattern. This article provides a critical overview of Castells and Himanen's research and revises their conceptual framework to focus on the specific choices states make in constructing their national identities and the effects of these choices on information policy and information technology diffusion. It demonstrates the value of this revised framework through a comparison of the historical trajectories of Turkey and Malaysia's nation-building projects, the incentives these projects have created for the two countries’ social and political elites, and the public information policies and programs that have resulted.     

Knowledge sharing and team trustworthiness: it's all about social ties!

This paper empirically examines knowledge sharing within innovation teams and explores the relationship between knowledge sharing and trust. This relationship has generally been identified in the literature as an important aspect of knowledge management. However, its pertinence to knowledge transfer within and between teams is less obvious. The case study based on four information technology R&D teams in Taiwan suggests that trust between a knowledge holder and a receiver may not exist. In fact, it can be connected by a mediator, although the use of social relationship in which trust is rooted in both host and visitor's trust of the mediator. Thus, trust may be substituted by the social relationship in certain specific contexts.     

The influence of informal social media practices on knowledge sharing and work processes within organizations

Contemporary information technologies such as social media have invigorated the way knowledge is shared within organizations to the extent that we have to rethink and reassess our understanding of the role and influence of technology in organizational processes and knowledge sharing. This paper uses the strategy as practice lens guided by the interpretivist philosophy to understand the influence of informal social media practices on knowledge sharing and work processes within an organization. The paper uses empirical evidence from the case study of a telecom organization in Tanzania to gain theoretical insight into informal social media practices and knowledge sharing. This research contributes to the Information Systems (IS) literature by asserting that organizational processes are achieved by mundane knowledge sharing mediated by informal social media use within the organization. Also, the study contributes to IS literature by highlighting how emerging informal practices are essential to daily processes within organizations.     

社会支持、心理韧性与农户农地质量持续保护行为

突破已有研究中主要关注某一农地质量保护技术的推广，而对社会支持对农户农地质量保护行为的影响侧重探讨单一维度的不足，将社会支持划分为工具支持、信息支持、情感支持3类，关注不同类型社会支持对农户农地质量持续保护行为的影响差异，以及包含坚韧性、自强性、乐观性3个维度的心理韧性在其中的中介作用。基于中国秦巴山区697份茶农调研问卷数据，运用多元概率比回归和中介效应模型进行实证分析，以期为促进农户持续采取农地质量保护行动提供参考。结果表明：（1）工具支持、信息支持、情感支持均可促进农户对农药废弃物持续回收、地表持续覆盖和有机肥持续施用行为；（2）心理韧性的3个维度在社会支持与农药废弃物持续回收行为和社会支持与地表持续覆盖行为的关系中具有中介效应，而心理韧性在有机肥持续施用模型中呈现遮掩效应；（3）外部风险在坚韧性、乐观性促进农户农药废弃物持续回收行为以及坚韧性促进农户地表持续覆盖行为中具有强化作用；（4）农业收入占比、农地面积促进了农户农药废弃物持续回收行为，性别、受教育程度促进了农户地表持续覆盖行为，受教育程度、健康状况促进了农户有机肥持续施用行为。据此，建议政府建立相关社会支持体系，充分发挥...     

Anticipating ethical issues in emerging IT

In this essay, a new approach to the ethics of emerging information technology will be presented, called anticipatory technology ethics (ATE). The ethics of emerging technology is the study of ethical issues at the R&D and introduction stage of technology development through anticipation of possible future devices, applications, and social consequences. In the essay, I will first locate emerging technology in the technology development cycle, after which I will consider ethical approaches to emerging technologies, as well as obstacles in developing such approaches. I will argue that any sound approach must centrally include futures studies of technology. I then present ATE and some applications of it to emerging information technologies. In ATE, ethical analysis is performed at three levels, the technology, artifact and application levels, and at each levels distinct types of ethical questions are asked. ATE analyses result in the identification and evaluation of a broad range of ethical issues that can be anticipated in relation to an emerging information technology. This ethical analysis can then be used for ethical recommendations for design or governance.     

我国科技成果权属改革的历史逻辑?从所有制、科技成果所有权到知识产权

赋予科研人员科技成果所有权或长期使用权,是当前中央推动市场机制在配置创新资源中充分发挥决定性作用的关键性改革探索。由于我国经济体制的公有制性质,如何有效处理国家、集体与个人的关系必然成为我国科技成果权属制度改革的核心问题。文章通过回溯新中国成立后我国科技成果权属的制度变迁与改革历程,从改革逻辑中厘清科技成果公有制、科技成果所有权与知识产权对于科技成果权属改革制度的意义,尝试探寻科技成果权属制度的改革经验和制度规律,凝聚推动当前新一轮科技成果权属改革的观念共识。     

Beyond individual-centric privacy: Information technology in social systems

In the public debate, social implications of information technology are mainly seen through the privacy lens. Impact assessments of information technology are also often limited to privacy impact assessments, which are focused on individual rights and well-being, as opposed to the social environment. In this article, I argue that this perspective is too narrow, in terms of understanding the complexity of the relation between information technology and society, as well as in terms of directions for managing this relation. I use systems theory to show that current approaches focus mostly on individual impact of information technology developments rather than their mediating role in society itself. I argue that this should be complemented by an analysis of impact on individuals (psychic systems) via co-construction of the environment (social system). I then take up the question of what the role of information technology in social systems would look like in terms of the social relations of trust and power, and how this can complement privacy in discussions on impacts of information technology.     

传统工艺、多元社会模式与高等教育

2017年3月12日国务院同意并发布了由文化部、工业和信息化部、财政部制定的《中国传统工艺振兴计划》,确定了"振兴传统工艺"的重大任务。广大科技工作者和人文社会科学工作者应该抓住这个历史机遇,立足国情,增强现代科学意识,建立研究中国传统工艺的国学价值、多元社会模式技术文化一体结构和对外交流的宏观框架,提取其独有的生命力要素,包括有国家制度的技术、有价值体系的技术、有社会结构的技术、有中国故事的技术、有丰富历史文献的技术和有专业知识的技术等,提升自我阐释能力和未来传承能力,增加文化自信,积极弘扬中国优秀传统文化。同时,也要掌握现代世界知识体系,做到中西互视,拿出高质量的科研成果,制定世界对话与合作的有效对策,增加国际话语权。此外,还应将那些坚持民族文化主体性的、兼具跨文化视野和具体操作个案的,以及中西学界共享优秀学术成果延伸到我国高等教育中去,加速学科建设,重视人才培养工作,使振兴传统工艺的系列工作成为服务于我国现代化建设和丰富世界文明对话内涵的高端事业。     

Who Am I Online? Examining Voluntary Use as Symbolic-Collective Action

This article reports on a test of an integrated voluntary information technology use model that draws on social identity theory to extend the functional utility model of the user. User feedback on a health care insurance firm's electronic service in South Africa was analyzed qualitatively using pattern matching to test the model's propositions. While functional utility was found to be a significant determinant of voluntary information technology use, both functional utility and symbolic needs were significant for some user segments. Information technology research can benefit from further cross-fertilization with social identity theory to explain use patterns in different voluntary contexts. Providers seeking to move beyond functional utility should consider the symbolic needs of strategically important user segments to strengthen long-term relationships.     

Letter from the Editor-in-Chief

The design and use of information technologies are not as easily separated as they may seem. Designers have much at stake in the use of their software, while users are greatly influenced by the design of the software that they use. In this article, I explore the complex relationships built up between the designers and users of human anatomy simulations, including processes of cooperation and conflict. I develop and apply a three-step process for studying the design and use of a software product in its social context. First, it is important to focus on the social worlds of designers and users that influence the development of the technology. Next, the emphasis shifts to the technology itself, which can be viewed as a boundary object emerging from the intersection of the contributing social worlds. Finally, the technology exhibits agency by reshaping the relationships and interactions among the contributing social worlds.