The transfer of U.S. technology abroad

The causes of the transfer of technology between countries is now seen as an important dimension of the diffusion of new products and processes. Despite its obvious importance, there has been little empirical research investigating the international transfer of technology, although the work of Schiffel and Kitti (Research Policy 7 (1978)) provides a useful foundation on which to build. The research reported below tests the hypothesis that the transfer of technology between countries, as measured by the movement of patented invention, is influenced by both supply side and demand side factors. The principal variables are: patenting activity in the country of origin; the size of the recepient economy; international trade in goods and services; and the operations of multinational producing enterprises. These vaiables explain most of the variation across countries in the transfer of U.S. technology abroad. The worldwide distribution of U.S. based multinational enterprises appear to play an important part in explaining U.S. technology tranfer. On the other hand, the remaining international differences in patent law do not seem to significantly affect patent flows between countries.     

Deploying lean in healthcare: Evaluating information technology effectiveness in U.S. hospital pharmacies

This case study provides a lens of operation research for evaluating the use of technology on medication distribution systems in U.S. hospital and helps better understand how technologies improve the healthcare operational performance in terms of processing time and cost. We analyze two prescribing technologies, namely no carbon required (NCR) and digital scanning technologies to quantify the advantages of the medication ordering, transcribing, and dispensing process in a multi-hospital health system. With comparison between these two technologies, the statistical analysis results show a significant reduction on process times by adopting digital scanning technology. The results indicated a reduction of 54.5% in queue time, 32.4% in order entry time, 76.9% in outgoing delay time, and 67.7% in outgoing transit time with the use of digital scanning technology. We also conducted a cost analysis on each of the two technologies, illustrating that the total cost generated by using digital scanning was as low as 37.31% of that generated by NCR. Lessons learned about how to evaluate IT effectiveness by lean methods are presented for both theoretical and practical perspectives.     

U.S. competitiveness in international information trade

Abstract

American competitiveness in international information services trade will be determined by the skill with which government and industry can improve the coordination of commercial and technical policies and actions. This article examines some of the key issues, including federal R&D funding, tariff policies, economic assistance programs, and international technical standards.     

The impacts of science and technology policy interventions on university research: Evidence from the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative

We examine how the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), a recent U.S. government science and technology (S&T) program launched in 2000, affects the nature of university research in nanotechnology. We characterize the NNI as a policy intervention that targets the commercialization of technology and a focused research direction to promote national economic growth. As such, we expect that the NNI has brought about unintended consequences in the direction of university–industry knowledge flows and the characteristics of university research output in nanotechnology. Using a difference-in-differences analysis of U.S. nanotechnology patents filed between 1996 and 2007, we find that, after the NNI, U.S. universities have significantly increased knowledge inflows from the industry, reduced the branching-out to novel technologies, narrowed down the research scope, and become less likely to generate technological breakthroughs, as compared to other U.S. and non-U.S. research institutions. Our findings suggest that, at least in the case of the NNI, targeted government S&T programs may increase the efficiency of university research, but potentially do so at a price.     

How U.S. cities compete through information technology: Securing an urban advantage

Abstract

The information age is bringing about a change in the world division of labor. Many of the great trading cities that arose during the Industrial Revolution as shipping, railroad, and financial centers are now facing new challenges, challenges brought about by global telecommunications. Information technology and the changing nature of business and government offer new opportunities and threats to these and other cities as they strive to acquire or retain treasured economic activity. Telecommunications and computation capacity are among the tools cities can use as they vie with one another for this commerce.

This study describes how U. S. cities are affected by these trends and summarizes some of the key technological and policy issues involved. Several case studies are reported, which show the various strategies used by large cities such as New York and Boston, progressive Midwest cities such as Omaha, and small cities such as Heathrow, Florida. Some preliminary principles of success are adduced.     

The wider impacts of high-technology employment: Evidence from U.S. cities

Innovative, high-technology industries are commonly described as drivers of regional development. ‘Tech’ workers earn high wages, but they are also said to generate knock-on effects throughout the local economies that host them, spurring growth in jobs and wages in nontradable activities. At the same time, in iconic high-tech agglomerations like the San Francisco Bay Area, the home of Silicon Valley, the success of the tech industry creates tensions, in part as living costs rise beyond the reach of many non-tech workers. Across a large sample of U.S. cities, this paper explores these issues systematically. Combining annual data on wages, employment and prices from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Consumer Price Index, it estimates how growth in tradable tech employment affects the real, living-cost deflated wages of local workers in nontradable sectors. Results indicate that high-technology employment has significant, positive, but modest effects on the real wages of workers in nontradable sectors. These effects appear to be spread consistently across different kinds of nontradable activities. In terms of substantive wider impacts, tech appears benign, though fairly ineffectual.     

The privacy of computerized records—The Swedish experience and possible U.S. policy impacts

The widespread use of the computer and the rapid growth of telecommunications technology have sparked debate on the privacy implications of computerized records. Regulations and government programs implemented in response to public pressure for greater protection of records could significantly affect the information system manager and any individual who has personal data recorded in a computerized file. This article considers the implications of possible privacy policy initiatives in the United States in light of Swedish experience.     

The U.S. information sector and GNP: An input-output study

The paper presents the results of an Input-Output study of the U.S. information sector, constructed from 1972 tables compiled by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The study updates the 1967 transaction table published in The Information Economy (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1977). The results show that between 1967 and 1972, the information sector grew at a slightly slower rate than did the entire economy. While the sector accounted for 25.1% GNP in 1967, its share of GNP had actually declined to 24.8% by 1972. Many of the elements of the sector lagged behind the national economy, including printing and publishing and radio and TV equipment; however, other elements of the sector out-paced the economy, including electronic instruments and telecommunications.     

美国专利池反垄断政策的新发展及其对我国的影响

以飞利浦CD-R专利池案的最终裁决以及美国司法部和联邦贸易委员会联合发布的《反垄断执法与知识产权:促进创新与竞争》报告为标志,美国针对专利池的反垄断政策近年来开始由相对宽松变得更为宽容,甚至走向纵容,不仅摒弃了国际公认的"公平、合理、非歧视"的专利许可原则,对专利费率不再加以限制,而且允许专利池进行强制性一揽子许可,在专利池反垄断审查中仅采"合理原则"而排除适用"当然违法原则"。此外,美国对于专利池中非必要专利的认定标准也发生了变化。受此影响,作为国际专利池的主要许可对象,我国企业将更难抵御专利池的专利费盘剥和强制性一揽子许可,在美国发起专利池反垄断诉讼的难度将进一步增大。这一影响在我国无锡多媒体诉DVD3C专利池一案在美国屡遭驳回的裁决结果中已初现端倪,我国加快建立和完善符合本国利益的专利池反垄断制度显得更为紧迫。     

Selected roles of information goods and services in the U.S. national economy

The study examines selected roles of the information sector in the national economy. Among the findings are the following: (1) the information sector conducts relatively little international trade, in comparison to its domestic activity. Roughly 12% of U.S. exports are attributable to the information sector; over 97% of the sector's output is sold within the U.S.; and the sector's exports account for only a small fraction of 1% of GNP. (2) The historical pattern of employment shows that the portion of information workers has risen from 8% of the U.S. work force in 1870 to 41% in 1970. Relatively little of this growth is the result of new technological innovations such as telephones, radio, television and, more recently, computers. Rather, the growth of public and private bureaucracies, which now total 26% of our total work force, largely explains the growth of the sector. (3) Unemployment within the information sector has consistently been lower than in either the manufacturing or agricultural sectors of the national economy. (4) Since 1967, the high technology elements of the information sector, such as electronic components, computers and telecommunications equipment have experienced appreciably less price rise than has the economy as a whole. However, over the same time period, the service elements of the sector, including finance and insurance, education and medical care, have experienced greater rates of inflation than has the economy as a whole.     

Foreign patenting in the U.S. as a technology indicator: The case of Norway

Foreign patenting in the U.S. has been considered to be a useful technology indicator in comparisons between countries. In order to shed light on this topic, this paper will try to explain foreign patenting in the U.S. by way of data for one country - Norway.A crucial question is what role is played by exports in explaining the foreign patent activity. Is the U.S. patenting just an indicator of the export performance, or is it the other way around; that technology - measured by foreign patent activity - is an important trade explanatory variable.The first part of this paper deals with the relationship between Norwegian U.S. patenting and export to the U.S. by way of time-series analysis on data from 1883 to 1980. Then some more detailed analysis are done on industry-level data from 1920 and from 1960–1980. An hypothesis is further tested for the possible relationship between foreign U.S. patenting and the international business-cycles. Finally a detailed but tentative analysis is done on firm-level data for the years 1969–1980.The results lend partial support to the assumption that foreign U.S. patent activity reflects innovative activity in the country where the patents originated. A major advantage in using foreign patenting in the U.S. as a technology indicator, is that this type of data in general seems to be of a higher quality than domestic patent data.     

Entrepreneurial orientation, technology transfer and spinoff performance of U.S. universities

This paper adopts a resource-based perspective to understand why some universities are more successful than others at generating technology-based spinoff companies. In this respect, we derive eight hypotheses that link attributes of resources and capabilities, institutional, financial, commercial and human capital, to university spinoff outcomes. Using panel data from 1980 to 2001, our econometric estimators reveal evidence of history dependence for successful technology transfer to occur although faculty quality, size and orientation of science and engineering funding and commercial capability were also found to be predictors of university spinoff activity. We conclude by drawing implications for policy makers and university heads.     

信息技术的社会巴尔干因果分析

以因特网为代表的信息、通讯技术消除了地理壁垒,使处于远距离的个体或群体之间的沟通成为可能,即信息技术消除了传统的地理空间巴尔干。然而,由于人类存在有限理性,以及信息凸增长、乃至大爆炸的出现,通讯、信息技术并不能真正地形成一个全球性的沟通网络。相反,信息技术在成功消除地理空间巴尔干的同时,却不可避免地生成了逻辑空间巴尔干;并且这种逻辑空间巴尔干是基于个体兴趣、学科专业、社会地位以及观点的。本质上,个体偏好关系是导致生成逻辑空间巴尔干的原因。本文描述了空间巴尔干隶属度、信息资源相似度,介绍了逻辑空间巴尔干生成的条件。     

Knowledge behaviour and social adoption of innovation

A key element in the adoption of innovation is addressing the knowledge gap caused by its introduction in practice. This study examines the context in which information is searched, found and retrieved, reviewing previous related research work, especially in the area of cognitive information retrieval. As result of an extensive review of research literature on the adoption of online learning design systems in education and on information behaviour, the study proposes a social adoption of innovation model, which includes information systems and social networks, and features innovators and adopters of innovation that influence each other and participate simultaneously in the process of knowledge generation. The study also proposes two symbolic equations for general knowledge behaviour and general information seeking skills that reflect the contribution of multiple sources of information and the type of skills that are needed as part of the overall knowledge behaviour.     

设施蔬菜信息技术采纳行为与推广扩散机制分析

基于农业技术采纳意愿和行为理论,界定设施蔬菜信息技术概念及分类,从农户角度系统分析了设施蔬菜信息技术采纳行为;从生产者、政府、研究单位和技术角度探索我国设施蔬菜信息技术推广扩散机制,探寻设施蔬菜信息技术推广应用的最佳推广扩散路径,并提出设施蔬菜信息技术发展的对策建议。     

美国高新技术现状

<正> (九)主要高技术领域的发展概况 (1) 软件工业 美国的软件工业起步于60年代中期,当时联邦政府开始对软件基础研究进行投入。目前,全世界软件工业产值约3000亿美元,到2003年,将以15％的速度增加,软件工业的发展大大地改     

美国风险投资的芳点及其启示

风险投资是美国金融创新的产物，作为资本运作的特殊形式，对支撑美国经济增长的高新技术发展起到了极大的推动作用。本文在探索美国风险投资特点和经验的基础上，联系我国实际，阐述了其对发展我国风险投资的启示。