WANG Yupeng:New director of the Institute of Physics

WANG Yupeng, a home-grown physicist, was appointed the new director of the CAS Institute of Physics (IOP) on 13 June in Beijing. He     

XU Tao:New director of the CAS Institute of Biophysics

CAS has named Prof. XU Tao as new director of its Institute of Biophysics (IOB). The announcement was made at an IOB conference on 5 April.     

SUN Song:New head of the CAS Institute of Oceanology

Prof. SUN Song, a marine ecologist, has been appointed the new director of the CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS) in Qingdao, a coastal city in east China's Shandong Province. He will replace Prof. XIANG Jianhai, who is retiring,     

XIAO Liye:New head of the Institute of Electrical Engineering

Prof. XIAO Liye, an expert in superconducting technology, has been appointed new director of the Institute of Electrical Engineering     

“The Art of Knowing”: Social and Tacit Dimensions of Knowledge and the Limits of the Community of Practice

Community of practice theory is inherently a social theory. As such it is distinct from more individualist accounts of human behavior, such as mainstream economics. Consequently, community of practice theory and economics favor different accounts of knowledge. Taking a community of practice perspective, this article challenges economists' attempts to reduce knowledge to information held by individuals and to reject tacit knowledge as mere uncodified explicit knowledge. The essay argues that Polanyi's notion of a tacit dimension affected numerous disciplines (including economics) because it addressed aspects of learning and identity that conventional social sciences overlooked. The article situates knowledge, identity, and learning within communities and points to ethical and epistemic entailments of community practice. In so doing it attempts to limit, rather than expand, the scope of community of practice analysis and to stress the difference, rather than the commonalities, between this and other apparently congenial forms of social analysis.     

IP Protection in the Environment of Globalisation:An Overview of the International Conference on Globalisation and the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

The International Conference on Globalisation and the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights convened from 20 to 21 January 2007 in Beijing,China.Present at the Confer- ence were approximately 200 experts and scholars from the IP community of the United States of America,Germany, Japan,Israel,China,and the Taiwan region of China.They held special in-depth discussions on the issues relating to the protection of intellectual property rights within the envi- ronment of globalisation.     

WU Yueliang:New chief of the CAS Institute of Theoretical Physics

Prof. WU Yueliang (Yue-Liang Wu), a theoretical physicist, has been appointed the new director of the CAS Institute of Theoretical Physics (ITP) in Beijing. He also serves as director of the newly established Kavli Institute     

ZHU Rixiang:New leader of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics

Prof. ZHU Rixiang has recently been appointed the director of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics (IGG), a CAS research arm focusing     

The skeleton in the closet: should historians of science care about the history of mathematics?

Up until the 1950s, the history of mathematics was an integral part of the history of science. To George Sarton and his contemporaries, mathematics was the rational skeleton that organized science and held it together, and its history was a fundamental component of the broader history of science. But when historians began focusing on the cultural roots of science rather than its rational structure, the study of mathematics was marginalized and ultimately excluded from the history of science. The alienation between the two fields is detrimental to both, and in recent years there has been a sustained effort to reestablish meaningful communication between the two. This time, however, mathematics is seen not as the static skeleton of science but, instead, as a dynamic and historically evolving field in its own right-just like science itself. The new approach allows for a culturally sensitive study of mathematics, as well as a new and fruitful relationship between the history of science and the history of mathematics. The essays in this Focus section offer a sampling of the new approaches, opening the way to a rapprochement between fields that have gone their separate ways but should by rights be closely interconnected.     

Rules Concerning the Election of Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

(Adopted by the Presidium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences onDecember 4, 1992, and amended by the Presidium on December 16,1994, November 6, 1996, December 14, 1998, September 29, 2000,December 19, 2002 and October 18, 2004)Article I. General RulesSecti…     

ZHANG Tao:New leader of the CAS Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics

Prof. ZHANG Tao, an expert in industrial catalysis, has been appointed the new director of the CAS Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP). He will succeed Prof. BAO Xinhe to take the helm of the multidisciplinary institute     

Investment in the Future:Training of Young Researchers in Times of Globalization

In light of research policy development and the global efforts we are seeing to strengthen universities, and in light of the increasing need for junior scientists, non-university research facilities, too, are facing new challenges.     

Deciphering the black box of HPWS–innovation link: Modeling the mediatory role of internal social capital

This study investigates the impact of High-Performance Work Systems (HPWS) on radical and incremental innovation in the services industry. Insights from the Social Exchange Theory (SET) and Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) Framework have been used to assess the role of social capital (SC) as a mediator between HPWS, radical innovation (RI), and incremental innovation (II). By using a simple random sampling technique, 328 responses were received from respondents in Pakistan's banking sector firms. For data analysis, structural equation modeling was applied. The results of the study show that HPWS is a significant driver of II, but not RI, in banking sector firms. Moreover, SC plays the role of mediator in the HPWS-innovation link. Outcomes of the study extend the understanding of the “black-box” (i.e., the transmission mechanism between systems of human resources(HR) practices and innovation). It also contributes to understanding HPWS, SC, II, and RI in the context of Pakistan's banking sector. This study expands on earlier research in the areas of HPWS, SC, and Innovation. It supports the view that internal SC enables RI and II. Prior studies indicated that HPWS drives innovations, yet there has been no clear explanation about the mechanism of this effect. By providing empirical evidence on the mediating role of SC, this study expands on existing literature. Empirical validation of an association between HPWS RI, and II contributes to theory by supporting the tenets of the AMO Framework. Unlike prior research that focused on short-term financial outcomes, this study used RI and II as alternate indicators of organizational performance. Our study expanded the literature into the services sector. Furthermore, we contributed to the methodology by conceptualizing HPWS as a high-order formative construct, resulting in significant model parsimony. Insights from our study are relevant to managers because it shows that HPWS implementation not only helps banks to attract, develop, and retain talent but also facilitates the development of SC, which is critical for enabling the innovation capability of the firm. Top managers need to consider internal SC in the design of HPWS because carefully designed HPWS drives SC. This enables idiosyncratic relationships among members of the organization. Thus, the firm gets a competitive advantage that is harder to be copied by competitors. First, data were collected from a single industry. It will be useful to know the effects of multiple industries in future research. Second, this study did not differentiate between different dimensions of SC, i.e., structural, cognitive, and relational. It will be interesting to see how these dimensions relate to HPWS and innovation in future research.     

Determination of Trademark Similarity:Comments on the Administrative Lawsuit Involving the Trademark of“BEYOND PETRONEUM”

The case in brief The plaintiff the BP Co.,Ltd.(the BP for short)filed with the Trademark Office two applications for registration of the trademarks"BEYOND PETRONEUM"and"超越石油"(the trademarks in suit)(the Chinese characters"超越"are equiv- alent to the English word"BEYOND"and the Chinese char- acters"石油"are equivalent to the English word"PETRONEUM")in goods of class 4 of the International Clas- sification:industrial oil and wax(raw material).The Trade- mark Office held that the two trademarks were similar to trademark No.1720395"超越矿业and device"(meaning"beyond mining industry")(reference trademark 1)regis- tered in the goods of wax used on conveying belt and trade- mark No.956456"超越and the device"(reference trade- mark 2)registered in goods of industrial grease and oil,and refused said applications.The trademarks in suit and refer- ence trademarks are shown as follows:     

Greetings from the President of the People''''s Republic of China

For centuries, the continuous development of science and technology has greatly promoted the process of mankind's understanding and utilization of nature, and at the same time strongly enhanced exchanges and cooperation between various nationalities and different civilizations. In the modern era, science and technology are developing vigorously and changing with each passing day. Strengthening international scientific cooperation is invaluable in helping     

Hacking the brain: brain–computer interfacing technology and the ethics of neurosecurity

Brain–computer interfacing technologies are used as assistive technologies for patients as well as healthy subjects to control devices solely by brain activity. Yet the risks associated with the misuse of these technologies remain largely unexplored. Recent findings have shown that BCIs are potentially vulnerable to cybercriminality. This opens the prospect of “neurocrime”: extending the range of computer-crime to neural devices. This paper explores a type of neurocrime that we call brain-hacking as it aims at the illicit access to and manipulation of neural information and computation. As neural computation underlies cognition, behavior and our self-determination as persons, a careful analysis of the emerging risks of malicious brain-hacking is paramount, and ethical safeguards against these risks should be considered early in design and regulation. This contribution is aimed at raising awareness of the emerging risk of malicious brain-hacking and takes a first step in developing an ethical and legal reflection on those risks.