Explaining Internet Connectivity

This article provides a framework by which rival firms' incentives for interconnection in unregulated telecommunications markets may be analyzed and argues that the widespread voluntary interconnection observed among Internet service providers (ISPs) is anomalous when compared with examples of other similar markets from U.S. industrial history. However, the fact that it is anomalous provides an opportunity to test common explanations and to explore new explanations for the remarkable connectivity observed among ISPs through a comparative analysis. The comparative analysis reveals that (1) network effects and competitive forces in telecommunications markets will not necessarily drive firms to interconnect their networks voluntarily as there are other options to them, and (2) government actions played an important role in shaping the interconnection behavior competing firms in telecommunications markets. The article then explores some of the implications of these findings for telecommunications policy, and interconnection regulation in particular.     

High-tech industries and competitive advantage in emerging markets: A study of foreign telecommunications equipment firms in china

This paper deals with the issue of competitive advantage among high-tech industries in emerging markets. It is argued that, for high-tech multi-national companies (MNCs) competing in emerging markets, technology leadership generates some very important competitive advantage that past research has not studied sufficiently. Data from 408 foreign-funded firms competing in China's telecommunications equipment industry provides convincing evidence supporting this argument. The results of this study highlight the need for high-tech firms to maintain technology leadership in international markets, including emerging markets. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of the findings.     

网络产业接入定价与互联互通管制--对我国电信业互联互通问题的分析

随着我国电信、电力等网络产业改革的进展,互联互通问题也逐渐凸现出来。本文介绍了国外对垂直性的网络产业中互联互通管制的实践和相关的接入定价方法,并分析了目前困扰我国电信业的互联互通问题。通过分析本文认为:接入价格是实现有效互联互通的经济基础,接入价格应被设计为仅仅实现有效互联互通目标,而不能兼顾其他政策目标;过低的接入价格水平是目前电信业互联互通不畅的主要原因;我国目前应该选择以长期增量成本为基础的接入定价;在接入成本的计算方法上,应以长期增量成本法为主,短期内可以采用完全分配成本法作为一种过渡手段。     

The regulation of telecommunications networks

Abstract

In the past several years, the number of sellers from whom customers of telecommunications network services can choose has increased dramatically. Whether it is the provision of domestic long‐distance service, or the offering of international telecommunications, or even the delivery of local communications, where previously service was provided by one firm or by a stable handful of firms that shared a market, users now have a wider range of choice and this increase in the scope of choice is likely to continue into the future. These changes, the result of a combination of developments in technology and regulatory policy, have created new problems for those charged with the regulation of telecommunications.

This paper begins by tracing the changes in regulatory policy that have led to the increase in the number of suppliers of domestic long‐distance telecommunications service. Then, it examines a number of principles for pricing telecommunications network services. Next, it identifies a number of explanations that have been offered for the proliferation in network services that has occurred. It then attempts to draw lessons from developments in the long distance market for the future of local network service. Finally, the paper explores the difficulties that policy‐makers will face in the new, more competitive environment.     

“互联网+”背景下现代物流网络体系构建

将“互联网+”技术与物流业融合起来,构建高度互联互通的物流网络体系,才能不断提高现代物流业的智能化、自动化、专业化水平。采用系统分析的方法,对互联互通的现代物流网络体系进行研究,分析大数据等技术的物流应用趋势。除此之外,创新性的构建了制造业、冷链和电商三大物流网络体系,阐释了如何在现代科技的发展下加强物流网络体系的互联互通。最后,笔者对推进现代物流网络体系的互联互通提出相关建议。     

Telecommunications in rural America: An appraisal and a prediction

Abstract

Rural America has historically been plagued with a disproportionate shortage of health, education, and other public services. However, the application of rapidly changing telecommunications technologies can alleviate many of the problems associated with these isolated and “technologically undernourished” areas. Technologies such as low‐power television, direct broadcast satellites, and satellite‐fed cable services offer the opportunity for building a rural telecommunications network and thus improving services and the quality of life. However, in order for this goal to be realized, the economic constraints presented by insufficient consumer demand and unprofitable markets must be overcome. Direct government subsidization or increased support of projects may be necessary to encourage the private sector to increase investment in telecommunications facilities in rural communities.     

网络社团视角下的中国汽车产业市场结构分析

以产量为边权的企业-产品二分网络如实地刻画一个产业内企业与产品市场之间的关系,其中的网络社团揭示了哪些企业主要在哪些产品市场上展开竞争,是分析多产品产业市场结构一个很好的视角。在这个视角下对2000~2006年中国汽车产业展开分析,揭示了其市场结构的特点和演变规律。     

Telecommunications and information networks: Growing international tensions and their underlying causes

Abstract

This article explores the growing international tensions over information networks and the conflict related to the underlying telecommunications networks that lies at the heart of the matter. Telecommunications policy and practice is changing significantly in many countries and at the international level. Tensions and conflict are identified as taking place on four levels: conflict over underlying values, conflict between and among different industry groups, political conflict among nations, and an emerging trade politics related to the application of services trade principles and rules to telecommunications and information services. These levels of tension/conflict should not be treated as distinct and mutually exclusive, but rather as overlapping and interactive, emphasizing the complex and increasingly serious nature of this important issue.     

上市公司基本组织特征与创新类别的实证研究

本文通过区分渐进式的创新和激进式的创新，用相关分析研究了医药类和电子信息技术类上市公司创新的类别与公司规模、公司绩效、公司历史、高层管理人员年龄之间的关系。实证分析的结果显示，在上市公司中。规模比较大的公司倾向于进行渐进式创新，但公司的绩效并没有随着渐进式创新的增加而增加；公司上市时间越长。渐进式创新所占的比重越大，激进式创新所占的比重越小。本文认为，历史较长、规模较大的公司应该在创新上保持足够的组织、管理和决策柔性，以合理控制风险和保持长久的创新活力。     

Trends and Prospects in Venture and Angel Investments in New Media Companies

How do 'new media' or Internet-related companies raise external equity capital? In this paper, I analyze two markets that entrepreneurs of private Internet-related businesses use in the US to raise equity: the venture capital market and the market for 'angel' capital. Both markets appear to be important sources of capital for private Internet-related firms. In this paper, I try to shed some light on how these markets operate with respect to investments in Internet-related companies. In particular, using data from PricewaterhouseCoopers' MoneyTree Survey, I analyze trends in venture capital investments in Internet-related companies and make comparisons with venture investments in non-Internet-related firms. In addition, I use information and data on the angel market to investigate how important the market for angel capital is likely to be as a source of capital for Internet-related businesses. In doing so I draw on ongoing and new research by myself and others into the operation of these markets. Finally, I make some cautious predictions about how the future prospects for raising money from these two sources are likely to evolve for Internet-related firms.     

中国电信改革模式的发展趋势分析

本文针对中国电信产业的现状和加入WTO后的国际竞争态势，在比较研究的基础上，运运经济学的相关理论，分析了中国电信长话、市话的拆分对企业竞争效率、消费者福利以及整体行业发展的影响，建立了中国电信改革的渐进式发展模式，并提出了相应的建议。     

GREoverIPSecMPN技术在多校区校园网中的应用

为了充分发挥校园网为学校的教学、科研、信息交流、协同工作的作用,对多个校区的网络互连进行了研究,比较了几种VPN技术,提出了利用GREOVerIPSecVPN技术实现多校区网络互连,同时又能保证内部保密数据安全地网络中进行传输。设计了网络拓扑结构,构建了网络实验平台,配置了GREoverIPSccVPN,最终对配置的结果进行了验证。为多校区校园网互连提供了一种安全的解决方案。     

知识地图在多领域本体语义互联中的应用

以数字信息资源组织的多领域本体语义互联为切入点,通过对其目前问题的分析,提出引入知识地图技术解决本体的映射和聚类问题,构建了基于知识地图的多领域本体语义互联框架模型。

Abstract：

Starting with the semantic interconnection of multi-domain ontology in digital information resources organization,and by analyzing the problems existing therein,this article proposes to use the knowledge map technology to solve the mapping and clustering problem of ontology.The article constructs a framework model of semantic interconnection of multi-domain ontology based on knowledge map.     

Differences between learning processes in small tigers and large dragons: Learning processes of two color TV (CTV) firms within China

The main purpose of this paper is to describe the firm-level learning processes by indigenous firms in China, identify the differences between learning processes in small tigers and large dragons, such as China. This paper first sketches the history of the China’s color TV (CTV) industry in which learning processes take place to put the companies case studies into context. Then, this paper examines closely the actual experience of two major Chinese firms in their practice of technological learning. Finally, this paper finds that the most significant difference between learning processes in Chinese firms and these four other tigers’ firms is that, firms from four other tigers usually rely almost exclusively on export markets, but Chinese firms are mostly local market-focused.A novel contribution of this paper is its analysis of the issue: the two Chinese firms have followed not an export-growth path, but an local market-focused path, which proved to be much less successful in countries, such as India, Latin America, Africa and former Soviet Union. The success of this process in China hinges on the five critical factors: (1) a number of multinational firms are increasing their presence in China; (2) there is vibrant competition among domestic firms; (3) the huge domestic market is a key incentive for local firms to invest in technological learning; (4) Chinese central government takes a phased approach to liberalization of the domestic market; (5) there have a number of risk taking entrepreneurs with strategic version, who make investment decisions on learning. These factors should not be easily available to other developing countries. In this regard, China’s experience has limited application to other developing countries.     

空间通信网中音视频传输的应用层QoS控制与测试方法

分析了无线局域网、因特网和Ku频段卫星通信网的互联互通及服务质量(QoS)性能参数,采用视频帧率、分辨率自适应算法,提出了一种空间通信网中音视频传输的应用层QoS控制与测试方法.仿真实验结果表明,该方法提高了网络利用率,并具有良好的QoS自适应帧率调整能力.     

非对称互联网骨干网网间互联质量决策研究

通过构建一个两阶段博弈模型分析不同互联方式下非对称互联网骨干网网间互联质量决策问题,分析结果表明:骨干网的初始用户规模差异影响非对称骨干网网间互联质量的选择。当初始用户规模差异较小时,不管是直联还是转接互联,主导骨干网和弱势骨干网都有激励提高网间互联质量;当初始用户规模差异较大时,弱势骨干网偏好于提高互联质量,主导骨干网在直联下通常选择降低互联质量,而在转接互联下则有动力提高互联质量;不管是直联还是转互联,消费者剩余都随着互联质量的提高而增加。根据研究结论,结合中国骨干网市场结构特征、制度背景约束、国外网间互联质量规制经验,提出互联网骨干网网间互联质量规制的政策建议。     

Selective revealing in open innovation processes: The case of embedded Linux

This paper provides a quantitative study (N = 268) of patterns of free revealing of firm-developed innovations within embedded Linux, a type of open source software (OSS). I find that firms, without being obliged to do so, contribute many of their own developments back to public embedded Linux code, eliciting and indeed receiving informal development support from other firms. That is, they perform a part of their product development open to the public—an unthinkable idea for traditionally minded managers. Such openness obviously entails the challenge of protecting one's intellectual property. I find that firms address this issue by revealing selectively. They reveal, on average, about half of the code they have developed, while protecting the other half by various means. Revealing is strongly heterogeneous among firms. Multivariate analysis can partly explain this heterogeneity by firm characteristics and the firm's purpose behind revealing. An analysis of reasons for revealing and of the type of revealed code shows that different types of firms have different rationales for openness. Implications for management are that the conflict between downsides and benefits of openness appears manageable. Provided selective revealing is practiced deliberately, the opportunities of open development dominate.     

Dimensions of concern over telecommunications privacy in the United States

Abstract

Analyses of attitudes and concerns about privacy from a national survey sample of 1,532 adult Americans in 1988 revealed several separate dimensions. A modification of Tryon's method of clustering variables (third‐order correlations) yielded groups of variables whose meanings were much more interpretable than they had been when factor analysis was initially used. We tested the validity of the clustering by a highly comprehensive system of item analyses. The main findings were that (1) respondent concerns over telephone privacy were not related to other aspects of privacy, (2) interest in devices like Caller ID that enable recipients to know the number of the caller were not related to other aspects of telephone privacy, and (3) general privacy concerns under conditions where the respondent and the other party know each other were independent of those conditions where they do not know each other. Implications for telecommunications policy and new services are discussed.     

The Evolution of the Digital Computation Industry

All industries are based upon a core of knowledge. Economic evolution is the growth of this knowledge as an experimental and path-dependent process involving markets, firms, finance, entrepreneurship, and often substantial uncertainty. In the set of industries associated with information technology, the core of knowledge is programmable digital computation (PDC). In this paper, we outline the origins and development of PDC, and in particular the path from the mainframe industry to the PC. We tell this story in order to highlight a number of salient features about the relationship between competition and evolution. First, the predominant form of competition was not focused about competitive pricing in existing markets, but rather for the creation of new markets and therefore monopoly positions. Second, as the IBM story demonstrates, this involved leveraging competencies between markets, often deliberately destroying a market in order to create a new one. Third, as the hacker tradition illustrates, much of the entrepreneurial development of the industry came from the users, due to their close conception of the technological possibilities and opportunities. Fourth, we highlight the overarching importance of the setting of standards (by fiat, by self-organization, or by monopoly) and the role this has in reducing uncertainty. We offer some policy and management lessons based upon this analysis.     

Revitalizing Communication and Information Policy Research

Abstract

The network model of organization plays a central role in recent sociological accounts of the information economy. This model is also often presented in organization and information and communication technologies (ICT) literature with an air of enthusiasm that underscores its advantages—flexibility, cooperative culture, innovativeness, and knowledge and technology intensity. Such themes are usually based on a “networking logic” that assumes the trustful cooperation of large and small production firms in a rapidly changing economic environment. We believe that both the logic and the themes based upon it are too narrow to be able to explain the complex dimensions of interorganizational networking. Using Enron as a case study, our goal in this article is to enrich the logic just described and to develop an extended model of the network enterprise. We argue that this is only possible by extending the unit of analysis beyond the production firm, to include, among others, subsidiaries, banks, investors, auditors, and government agencies. The proposed extended model allows the broadening of many of the aforementioned themes, making it possible to arrive at a realistic picture of the complexities of the network enterprise. The managerial advantages of the model are also discussed.