应用行为分析在自闭症儿童康复训练中的应用

自闭症是一种较为常见的儿童广泛性发育障碍,对自闭症儿童的康复训练一直是自闭症研究的热点和难点。目前,越来越多的研究报告了应用行为分析对自闭症治疗的良好效果,应用行为分析已成为自闭症治疗的主要方法之一。本文从应用行为分析对自闭症儿童进行干预的原理、方式、实施过程以及效果四个方面介绍了这一疗法的运用。     

Tutoring an American autistic college student in Japanese and its challenges

This article discusses the relationship between autism and teaching a foreign language (TFL) and explores how specific teaching styles may strengthen learners' motivation. Autism is simply considered to be a social disorder of development. Autistic people are often seen as having difficulty in learning a language other than their first language. This assumption has prevented autistic people as well as those who have difficulties with mental and physical development from accessing opportunities to learn a foreign language. Therefore, this article focuses on teaching Japanese to an autistic American university student in the United States. The purpose of the article is to examine how autistic learners are motivated in reaction to specific teaching styles. Based on my tutoring experiences with an autistic American university student and an interview with the student's mother, this study explores an effective method of TFL to autistic learners.     

自闭症儿童语言康复训练的思考

儿童自闭症是广泛性发育障碍的一种亚型,以男性多见,起病于婴幼儿期。自闭症儿童属于特殊儿童,他们在某些方面与正常的儿童相比,处于一定的弱势,对自闭症儿童的关怀和重视,需要建立长效机制。尤其是,针对自闭症儿童的语言康复训练,更应该引起足够的重视和关注。本文以自闭症儿童语言康复训练的思考为题,围绕自闭症儿童的语言特点、康复训练的现状、存在的不足,以及相关的思考等内容展开论述,得出了相应的结论,具有重要的意义。     

Awareness within local authorities in England of autism spectrum diagnoses of looked-after children

Educational outcomes for looked-after children on the autism spectrum are significantly poorer than for autistic children not being looked-after by their local authority (those ‘in care’), and poorer than for most other groups of children with special educational needs who are looked-after in England. Such poor outcomes have led to calls for specific attention to be paid to the needs of autistic looked-after children within the care of local authorities. There is also evidence that the numbers of autistic children being looked-after by local authorities could be under-represented in official figures. This study sought to find the current numbers of autistic looked-after children formally recorded across local authorities in England, and whether their needs are given special attention via strategic planning and oversight, using freedom of information (FoI) requests sent to all local authorities in England. From the 147 (97%) local authorities who responded, approximately 3% of looked-after children in England are recorded as having an autism spectrum diagnosis, although this is still very likely to be an underestimation. The majority of local authorities do not routinely monitor or report on the diagnostic status of autistic looked-after children at a strategic level. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

江西省75例孤独症儿童的现状调查

本研究对75例江西籍孤独症儿童进行调查,分析其在基本信息与家庭情况、求医诊断、治疗康复、生活学习等方面的现状,调查结果表明:(1)本次调查的孤独症儿童城镇比例大、男童远多于女童,父母职业较稳定,文化程度相对较高,家庭收入情况多数不佳。(2)孤独症儿童家长自身建设待加强,康复训练的及时性与持续性不足。(3)教育系统配套措施与满足孤独症儿童入学需求尚存差距。(4)社会支持系统对孤独症问题介入不足。对此提出普及孤独症及相关发育障碍知识、提高家长自身素质、将孤独症教育落到实处、为成年孤独症人士建立社区精神康复机构、构建完善的社会支持系统等建议。     

自闭症儿童语言发展研究综述

自闭症儿童的语言障碍问题是自闭症儿童发展和教育研究的重要组成部分。本文从自闭症儿童语言发展特征、自闭症儿童语言发展的核心障碍,以及自闭症儿童语言与其他发展领域相关研究等方面,综述近年国外有关自闭症儿童语言发展障碍研究的新进展,以供国内同行参考。     

Reinforcing the Empty Fortress: an examination of recent research into the treatment of autism

Infantile autism was first diagnosed by Kanner, when he described a group of children as having “autistic disturbances of affective contact”. His 12 characteristics of autism are still influential today. There is little agreement among professionals of an aetiology for autism or of an appropriate treatment. Different schools of thought have dominated autistic research in the past, although behaviour modification has become more influential during the last 20 years and it is arguably the most effective form of intervention. The different approaches towards an aetiology and subsequent treatment for autism have all encountered problems. The existence of so many different approaches could be evidence for the lack of success in any one area. Behaviour modification is one approach which can claim consistent successes in terms of the treatment of autistic children. It may not be a permanent answer but, in the absence of further research, behaviour modification could provide the best method of alleviation for the symptoms of autism and can be put to good use in intervention programmes.     

结构化教学在单元主题教学中的合理使用 --孤独症学生的教学实例

结构化教学是一项对孤独症儿童治疗和教育非常有效的综合性教育措施。本文主要以具体的教学实践为例,说明“结构化教学”在孤独症儿童“单元主题教学”中的具体操作和应用。     

Disqualified in the human race: a close reading of the autobiographies of individuals identified as autistic

Much can be learned about the experience of autism by listening to the voices of individuals so labelled. They describe their understanding of competence, living in a culture where autism is considered deviant, deficient and outside the range of ‘normal’ human experience. This paper utilises autobiographical accounts written by individuals who identify as autistic as a source of qualitative research data and specifically explores the ways in which these texts address issues of competence. Using narrative inquiry, it explores how individuals with autism, both adults and adolescents, describe their own notions of competence and, further, the instructional practices that support their ability to demonstrate their competence.     

The ‘High Achievers’ project: an assessment of the support for students with autism attending UK universities

In the UK autism is classed as a disability under the Disability Discrimination Act 2005. Under the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001, higher education institutions in the UK are legally required to make reasonable adjustments for students with disabilities who are placed at a substantial disadvantage in comparison to students without disabilities. Despite the social difficulties associated with autism, and autistic students being at a heightened risk of dropping out of university, high-functioning autistic students are often high achievers academically. The National Audit Office recognises university as a desirable option for academically gifted students with autism. As there have been few studies directly examining the needs of autistic students in post-secondary education by established researchers, we undertook an online questionnaire survey of all UK universities, other than those under foreign ownership, to ascertain current levels of support for students with autism in higher education. This was followed up with Freedom of Information Act requests to establishments that did not respond to the survey. We report our findings based on responses from 99 universities out of approximately 160 establishments in total. As autistic university graduates are at a disadvantage when compared to their non-autistic peers in obtaining employment after graduation, we propose that all higher education establishments follow the government recommendation for providers of services not covered by the Autism Act 2009, but who support people into employment, to adopt the Statutory Guidance issued in connection with the Adult Autism Strategy. Universities should consider seeking accreditation under the National Autistic Society’s accreditation scheme.     

How do we create ASD‐friendly schools? A dilemma of placement

Scope exists within the Northern Ireland (NI) education system to transform mainstream schools into autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)‐friendly environments. The efficacy of mainstream inclusion is discussed prior to discussing the creation of ASD‐friendly schools. The transformation of mainstream school environments is underpinned by concepts such as inclusive pedagogical approach, universal design for learning and learning without limits. These are discussed alongside strategies to enact core inclusive principles of equity, participation and belonging. However, the need for ASD‐specific approaches and schools is also recognised. Our perspectives as educators influence pedagogy, attitudes and approaches to educating autistic children. A social constructivist consciousness is fundamental to moving from deficit SEN rhetoric to creating enabling education for autistic young people. The question of how to achieve this is answered within this article. The use of identity‐first language is preferred by a large proportion of the autism community; therefore the term ‘autistic child’, rather than ‘child with autism’, is adopted throughout.     

Connectedness: Developing a Shared Construction of Affect and Cognition in Children with Autism

Dave Sherratt and Gill Donald teach children with autism at Mowbray School, North Yorkshire. Dave Sherratt also teaches at the University of Birmingham and is honorary research fellow at the University College of York St John. Gill Donald is also a specialist speech and language therapist for Hambleton and Richmondshire Primary Care Trust. In this article, Dave Sherratt and Gill Donald outline an approach to teaching children who are on the autistic spectrum. They describe the social construction of understanding in normally developing children and suggest ways in which this differs in children with autism. These children may have difficulties in attributing relevance to the aspects of experience that are regarded as significant by most learners. The authors suggest that this may account for the poverty in social engagement or connectedness commonly observed in children with autism. Illustrating their propositions with vivid examples from practice, Dave Sherratt and Gill Donald go on to describe ten teaching structures promoting progress from early social engagement; through a shared understanding of objects and observable processes; to a shared understanding of symbolic representation in play, ideas and language. These structures, rooted in a fascinating evocation of theory, will help practitioners striving to develop a shared understanding of self, others and the environment in children with autistic spectrum disorders.     

自闭症脑功能性关联障碍研究进展：来自fMRI的证据

伴随fMRI技术对自闭症研究的日益介入,有关其脑功能性关联障碍逐渐成为自闭症研究的热点。但当前该领域的研究主题比较零散。基于对新近相关的fMRI研究报告的整理,可以将自闭症脑功能性关联障碍研究概括为三个方面：固有功能障碍、静息状态功能障碍和社会化功能障碍。文章综述了以上三方面的研究进展,并对该领域存在的问题与未来趋势作了探讨。     

‘Why should I be like bloody Rain Man?!’ Navigating the autistic identity

This article explores the views of six higher education students with autism/Asperger syndrome. The research draws upon social identity theory to explore how participants made meaning of their label. There was consensus that information given at the point of diagnosis generally did not reflect their individual experiences. First‐hand accounts tended to be perceived as more personally relevant. The ‘Asperger’ identity was generally framed as fragile and inconsistent, leading some individuals to distance themselves from it. This may be problematic for a group that is already disadvantaged and isolated. However, participants conveyed strong self‐images regardless of how and whether they identified with their diagnosis, which was attributed to their relative privilege in achieving higher education and therefore experiencing success and achievement related to their personal strengths. In this article, Andrea MacLeod, Ann Lewis and Christopher Robertson, from the University of Birmingham, call for researchers and relevant services to involve autistic individuals directly in fostering a constructive ‘autism identity’.     

自闭症者颞上沟发育异常与其社会交往障碍探讨

自闭症谱系障碍中最为常见的临床症状是社会交往和交流障碍。已有研究发现,颞上沟在言语加工、生物运动和心理理论中发挥着重要作用,而自闭症者在这几方面都存在不同程度的缺陷。本文综合已有关于自闭症者颞上沟的结构异常和功能缺陷的研究,试图梳理出颞上沟在自闭症者的言语加工、生物运动和心理理论缺损中可能产生的作用机制。     

The assessment of creativity for people with autism spectrum disorder

The term “creativity” can conjure various ideas and meanings. It's no surprise that methods for measuring such a concept vary widely and are not without controversy. This is particularly true among people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who are a unique yet incredibly diverse group of individuals. This article provides an overview of the assessment of creativity among individuals with ASD. Findings among studies that have sought to determine whether individuals with ASD are more or less creative than their neurotypical peers are mixed, yet the authors propose that intentional development of creativity in all youth, including those with ASD, can be beneficial.     

‘Let's Talk Autism' –a school‐based project for students to explore and share their experiences of being autistic

Understanding what autism means on a personal level can be an important process for young people on the autistic spectrum, and being able to reflect on this and discuss with autistic peers can be particularly helpful. However, opportunities may be restricted by reluctance to talk about diagnosis and because of difficulties in communication inherent in autism. This article describes a therapeutic media project within an ASD school that attempted to support young people to reflect together about what autism meant for them and create resources to share with others. The process is described and main themes of discussions analysed using thematic analysis. Main themes emerged of making sense of diagnosis, experiences of difference and transition to adulthood. Various strategies to manage diagnosis and negotiate identity also emerged. Issues around informed consent and confidentiality and the therapeutic value of such groups are discussed.     

孤独症儿童中央统合功能特点研究述评

Frith1989年提出孤独症是一种以信息加工缺陷为特征的认知障碍后,孤独症儿童非社会性损伤已成为孤独症研究的一个热点。相关研究结果提示,孤独症儿童刻板的重复行为与狭隘的兴趣、特殊的知觉和注意以及超常技能等,可能与孤独症儿童中央统合功能不足有关。本文主要对孤独症儿童中央统合功能的非言语测验研究、言语测验研究进行梳理,并对孤独症儿童中央统合功能研究在完善研究方法、扩展研究范围、扩大研究对象等方面作出了展望。     

自闭症者的视觉认知障碍及其神经机制

自闭症是一种神经发育障碍.自闭症者的非社会性信息加工表现出非典型特征,其社会性功能存在严重缺陷,使得自闭症者的社会适应能力减弱.本文从自闭症者的认知能力、社会性发展及神经机制的角度进行整体综述,总结自闭症者对社会性与非社会性刺激加工的特点与规律,最后指出该研究领域尚存在的或未涉及的问题.