Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on physical and sports performance: a systematic review

The prevalence of inter-limb asymmetries has been reported in numerous studies across a wide range of sports and physical qualities; however, few have analysed their effects on physical and sports performance. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken using the Medline and SPORT Discus databases, with all articles required to meet a specified criteria based on a quality review. Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria, relating participant asymmetry scores to physical and sports performance measures. The findings of this systematic review indicate that inter-limb differences in strength may be detrimental to jumping, kicking and cycling performance. When inter-limb asymmetries are quantified during jumping based exercises, they have been primarily used to examine their association with change of direction speed with mixed findings. Inter-limb asymmetries have also been quantified in anthropometry, sprinting, dynamic balance and sport-specific actions, again with inconsistent findings. However, all results have been reported using associative analysis with physical or sport performance metrics with no randomised controlled trials included. Further research is warranted to understand the mechanisms that underpin inter-limb differences and the magnitude of performance changes that can be accounted for by these asymmetries.     

Sport-specific policies and factors that influence international success: The case of tennis

Countries continue to seek ways to achieve and sustain elite athlete success. However, competitive advantages in elite sport are largely found within individual sports’ contexts and policies. This paper uses tennis as an exemplar and mixed methods to examine sport-specific policy and other factors that influence international success. Thirty-five international tennis experts participated in a questionnaire which combined (a) open questions, and (b) Likert scale questions, based on the Sport Policy Factors that Lead to International Success (SPLISS) model. The findings support the significance of the SPLISS model at a tennis specific level. The most significant contribution of this paper rests on the emergence of two contextual themes, namely culture and commercial environment, which help explain the context within which tennis operates. These findings are important for understanding the ways elite sport success is fostered in professional sports like tennis and potentially transferring that knowledge to other commercialised sports. The paper advances the theoretical understanding of the combined meso-level and contextual factors at a sport-specific level that influence international success. The practical implications address high performance directors’ and sport policy makers’ challenge of nurturing and enhancing the tennis culture and commercial environment.     

Determining motions with an IMU during level walking and slope and stair walking

ABSTRACT

This study investigated whether using an inertial measurement unit (IMU) can identify different walking conditions, including level walking (LW), descent (DC) and ascent (AC) slope walking as well as downstairs (DS) and upstairs (US) walking. Thirty healthy participants performed walking under five conditions. The IMU was stabilised on the exterior of the left shoe. The data from IMU were used to establish a customised prediction model by cut point and a prediction model by using deep learning method. The accuracy of both prediction models was evaluated. The customised prediction model combining the angular velocity of dorsi–plantar flexion in the heel-strike (HS) and toe-off (TO) phases can distinctly determine real conditions during DC and AC slope, DS, and LW (accuracy: 86.7–96.7%) except for US walking (accuracy: 60.0%). The prediction model established by deep learning using the data of three-axis acceleration and three-axis gyroscopes can also distinctly identify DS, US, and LW with 90.2–90.7% accuracy and 84.8% and 82.4% accuracy for DC and AC slope walking, respectively. In conclusion, inertial measurement units can be used to identify walking patterns under different conditions such as slopes and stairs with customised prediction model and deep learning prediction model.     

Elite athletes in aesthetic and Olympic weight-class sports and the challenge of body weight and body compositions

The use of dieting, rapid weight loss, and frequent weight fluctuation among athletes competing in weight-class and leanness sports have been considered a problem for years, but the extent of the problem and the health and performance consequences have yet to be fully examined. Most studies examining these issues have had weak methodology. However, results from this review indicate that a high proportion of athletes are using extreme weight-control methods and that the rules of some sports might be associated with the risk of continuous dieting, energy deficit, and/or use of extreme weight-loss methods that can be detrimental to health and performance. Thus, preventive strategies are justified for medical as well as performance reasons. The most urgent needs are: (1) to develop sport-specific educational programmes for athletic trainers, coaches, and athletes; (2) modifications to regulations; and (3) research related to minimum percentage body fat and judging patterns.     

我国体育保险政策运行机制探讨

体育保险政策是国家保险监督部门为了实现体育保险市场供需平衡,促进体育保险市场健康发展,对体育保险活动所采取的各种管理、调节手段和办法措施。对体育保险政策的研究,一直是社会体育学的一个重点。当前,深人研究分析体育保险政策的运行机制,对于促进我国体育保险业的发展是一项十分紧迫的工作。本文在简要论述我国体育保险政策运行的一般特征基础上,分析了体育保险政策制订的逻辑性和有效运行的基本要求,提出了体育保险政策的发展趋势,对我国体育保险事业的发展具有重要的现实意义。     

体育动作量化分析智能系统的设计与实现

介绍了体育动作量化分析智能系统的设计技术和实现方法,提出了人体层次模型和动作特征表示方法,作者还说明了用于体育动作模式识别的匹配隶属函数、模糊神经网络的结构和学习方法。     

Embodied Rilkean sport-specific knowledge

This paper develops and introduces the embodied Rilkean sport-specific knowledge into the current sports knowledge philosophical debate. This idea is based on my interpretation of Mark Rowlands’ Rilkean memory theory. Broadly speaking, Rowlands proposed that an embodied Rilkean memory is memory content that is then ‘woven into the body and its neural infrastructure’ resulting in new bodily or behavioral dispositions. I propose that elite-level sports knowledge may become contentless bodily and/or behavioral dispositions and take the form of embodied Rilkean sport-specific knowledge. This version of sports knowledge enriches the current philosophy of sports debate that has centered on the analytical distinction between procedural knowledge (knowing how) and declarative knowledge (knowing that). After presenting the embodied Rilkean sport-specific knowledge concept and providing empirical evidence that supports its existence, I argue that the current distinction between ‘knowing how’ and ‘knowing that’ may not be exhaustive.     

Kreativit?t im Sportspiel

In the last couple of years, we have seen a renaissance of creativity research which originates in neuroscience. From the perspective of human movement science, sport computer science, and sport psychology, this paper will introduce a research program for the investigation of creative behavior in complex, mostly ecologically valid situations in team sports. After a general and sport-specific definition, several experiments and studies based on the framework of Sternberg and Lubart (1991) will be described, which will link tactical creativity with visual attention (inattentional blindness, breadth of attention), expertise, motivation, and environmental factors. In this context, novel analysis tools will be developed and validated (game test situations, neural networks). The results will then be discussed in light of current psychological as well as human movement and computer scientific theories and models; furthermore, practical implications for sports and research perspectives will be offered.     

普通高校体育课程教学体系及改革的探讨

体育课程改革的普通高校体育教育改革的核心。本文主要采用文献研究和调查研究相结合的方法,对我院体育 课程结果、内容、教学组织形式与方法、教学考核等教学体系进行了分析研究。研究结果发现:当代大学生对体育课的 兴趣高、参与性强;同时也发现大学生对体育课程结构、教材建设、教学组织与方法、体育考核等方面存在有不同程度 的看法,并对已被普遍认可的现象提出质疑。为此,普通高校体育课程教学体系必须摆脱以重复运动技术传授为中心的 旧课程教学体系,真正建立以增强体质,提高体育能力,形成终身体育思想新的课程教学体系,为培养大学生养成终身 体育的习惯奠定基础。     

我国体育保险公司风险管理系统分析

文章在对我国体育保险公司风险管理系统进行界定和特征分析的基础上,就构成我国体育保险公司风险管理系统框架的4个重要组成部分:战略、流程、基础设施以及环境的构建进行了研究,对强化体育保险公司风险认识,加强风险管理职能建设,尽快建立我国体育保险公司风险管理系统,对发展我国体育保险事业具有重要的现实意义。     

体育产业集群形成与区域发展关系研究

采用走访与问卷调查等研究方法,并运用结构方程统计软件对体育产业集群形成与区域发展关系进行了研究.得出了体育产业集群模型构建的重要性、区域体育资源的利用和挖掘不够以及体育产业集群的构建与区域发展形成一定的因果关系等研究结论,并提出了思想上高度重视体育产业集群构建的重要意义,积极推进体育产业集群、加快专业化人员的培养,提升体育产业快速发展的人力资源保证、加大培育体育产业的专业化行业组织或中介组织机构、加强体育产业与其他产业的关联,完善产业链等研究建议.     

论竞技运动攻击性行为形成的社会性因素与控制

运动攻击性行为的假设模式包括本能理论、驱力理论、社会学习理论等.运动攻击性行为的存在不但违背了"fair play"的公平竞争原则,而且容易引发赛场暴力事件,造成运动者的身体与心理的伤害,影响了竞技运动事业的正常发展.运动攻击性行为形成的社会因素主要涉及到运动员自身、教练员、观众、管理者、运动场地和器材以及特定的社会背景等.运动攻击性行为的控制措施教育、合理的引导以及适当方式的渲泄等等.     

机器学习:运动损伤预防的新途径

运动损伤的预防是国际运动科学领域与运动医学领域的前沿热点问题.由于运动损伤的产生具有多因素性、不确定性和意外性,导致运动损伤难以在实验室条件下进行模拟和实验研究.随着可穿戴设备的普及、数据科学的发展,机器学习正被引入运动损伤预防领域,为运动损伤的预防提供了全新视角,并推动着研究范式的转变.目前,机器学习在运动损伤预防中...     

Development and validation of the moral disengagement in sport scale

A sport-specific measure of moral disengagement was developed in 2 studies. In Study 1, a 59-item questionnaire was developed and tested with 308 athletes from 5 team sports. A series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) testing different models suggested the model that best fitted the data had 6 first-order factors that could be represented by 1 second-order factor. Study 2 involved 305 athletes from the same 5 sports. CFA confirmed the 6-factor, second-order structure for the final 32-item measure. Results from Study 2 supported the construct validity of the scale, providing evidence for the factorial, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity. The Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale (MDSS) is proposed as a valid and reliable measure of moral disengagement for use in the sport context.     

技术动作学习的实验研究——高级神经活动类型和学习方式对其的影响规律

以生理学和心理学理论为基础,为了更好地了解技术动作学习的规律,对实践进行指导,通过文献资料法、访谈法、实验法等,研究得出神经活动类型的不同特征:强度、平衡性、灵活性和不同的学习方式:无反馈学习法、有反馈集中学习法、有反馈分散学习法,对技术动作学习的影响规律。分析得出结论:技术动作学习受到学习者高级神经活动和学习方式的共同影响;不同学习方式下,高级神经活动类型对技术动作学习影响的规律可为运动选材、学习者选择学习方式和运动项目提供依据。以此为依据为技术动作学习提出相关建议。     

Sport-specific and non-specific practice of strong and weak responders in junior and senior elite athletics – A matched-pairs analysis

Elite track and field athletes with greater and lesser multi-year performance improvement were compared regarding their developmental sport-specific and non-specific, organised (coach-led) and non-organised (peer-led) sporting activities. Athlete pairs were matched on gender, discipline and baseline performance in competitions (at 13/19 years). Their unequal subsequent performance development during junior (13–17 years; n = 138) and senior (19–23+ years; n = 80) age ranges defined “strong responders” and “weak responders”. Analyses revealed that junior-age strong responders accumulated more organised practice in athletics than weak responders, while the amounts of all other types of activities were indifferent. Senior-age strong responders did not accumulate a greater total sum of all kinds of sport activities or greater amounts of organised practice in athletics or non-organised involvement in athletics or other sports than weak responders. But they engaged in more organised practice and competitions in other sports over more years (9 vs. 2 years) and specialised in athletics at a later age than weak responders (16 vs. 11 years). The results were also robust among senior international medallists vs. national medallists. The findings are reflected relative to the hypotheses of “multiple sampling and functional matching”, “learning transfer as preparation for future learning” and “authenticity of variable learning experiences”.     

辽宁省体育教育本科专业课程设置改革研究

体育课程是基础教育阶段培养青少年全面发展的重要课程之一,高等院校体育教育专业作为培养体育师资的＂工作母机＂,其课程内容设置的改革,直接关系到我国基础教育体育师资水平的提高和教改的成败。文章运用文献资料法、专家访谈法等方法,对辽宁省6所高等院校体育教育本科专业的课程设置进行分析,提出辽宁省高等院校体育教育专业本科课程设置的一些改革建议,旨在为进一步深化辽宁省高等院校体育教育专业教学内容和课程设置改革提供参考依据。     

广东普通高校女大学生参加健美操运动情况的调查与分析

运用文献资料、问卷调查、访谈、数理统计等研究方法,分别对5所普通高校女大学生参加健美操运动情况作深入调查。结果表明：广东普通高校女大学生对健美操运动热爱程度较高,参加其锻炼的意向与目的表现在塑身减肥和提高心肺功能,参与时间和次数符合体育人口标准。女大学生进行健美操运动明显受到场所、形式、时间和场地器材等因素的限制,学校重视竞技健美操忽视大众健美操发展。本文针对存在的问题提出相关的建议,为促进健美操运动在广东女大学生中的开展提供理论参考。     

澳大利亚体育外交战略:经验与启示

分析澳大利亚政府为实现其"富有创造力的中等强国"目标而在体育促进发展、体育外交领域实施的一系列资助计划和发展战略,将澳大利亚体育外交战略规划与实践的成功之处概括为6个方面,即体育外交与国家发展战略高度关联、战略目标关注国际社会前沿议题、战略实施中建立多元合作伙伴模式、战略资金保障制度健全、重视发挥大型体育赛事作用、实施体育外交绩效评估。据此提出对中国体育外交的启示:①持续增强体育综合实力,获得广泛国际认可;②构建中国体育外交战略,坚持周边体育外交优先发展;③提供具有吸引力的体育思想,主导国际体育秩序变迁;④建立多元体育外交合作模式,充分动员各种社会力量;⑤重视体育外交绩效评估,确保实现国家核心利益。     

竞技体育之人文社会学研究的若干反思

研究主要采用文献研究及比较、逻辑推理等。研究得出以下结论:竞技体育人文社会学研究的内涵与指向包括:(1)竞技体育的运动、文化等内容的多重包容;(2)竞技体育的发展中一定的价值、理想取向;(3)体育的发展必须关注人的研究;(4)竞技体育的运行、发展规律及对社会问题的关注;(5)研究的元理论。竞技体育人文社会学研究及理论构建的层次与分类有:(1)宏观层次———竞技体育价值、理想、精神、品质的阐述;(2)中观联结层次面———元理论与方法、工具性中介;(3)实际操作层次———具体应用方面。研究中呈现多学科交叉、结合与渗透的特色,竞技体育人文社会学研究中要注重两大关系的处理与协调,即理论与实践、"实证化"与"人文化"的关系。