任务复杂程度对反馈频率适宜值的影响研究

采用单维简单和两维复杂电脑追踪任务,探讨任务复杂程度对反馈频率适宜值的影响.96名右利手的在校大学生随机分为简单任务和复杂任务组(每组男、女各24名).两组受试者分别在25%相对频率(提供反馈的练习次数占总练习次数的25%,简称反馈频率,下同)、50%反馈频率、75%反馈频率、100%反馈频率条件下,连续两天练习简单或复杂任务,每天练习36次.第2天练习结束后休息10min,2组受试者进行无反馈保持测试.一天后,再进行无反馈的保持测试.结果显示:(1)练习阶段,两组受试者的操作绩效随反馈频率增加呈提高趋势;(2)50%反馈频率利于简单任务的技能学习,75%反馈频率利于复杂任务的技能学习;(3)任务复杂程度与反馈频率适宜值存在交互作用,与简单任务相比,操作复杂任务时,应增加反馈的频率.以上结果提示:当信息加工负荷较小(如操作任务较简单)时,减少反馈频率利于技能学习;而当信息加工负荷较大(操作任务较复杂)时,频繁反馈利于技能学习.     

Effects of Two Instructional Approaches on Skill Development,Knowledge, and Game Performance

Two instructional approaches that have been of interest in promoting sport have been the Sport Education Model (SEM) and the Traditional Style (TS) of teaching physical education. The purpose of this study was to investigate how SEM and TS would affect skill development, knowledge, and game performance for volleyball at the secondary level. A 2 × 3 (group × time) research design was utilized on 47 secondary students testing volleyball skills, knowledge, and game performance. Participants were placed in either the SEM or the TS via stratified randomization, and then were tested pre, mid, and post intervention through the 20-lesson volleyball unit. The 2 × 3 repeated measures Analysis of Variances (ANOVAs) with Bonferroni correction revealed no significant difference between models for skills and knowledge, but there was for game performance for group [F(1, 45) = 10.27, p < .008, η² = .19], time [F(2, 90) = 8.62, p < .008, η² = .16], and group × time interaction [F(2, 90) = 8.43, p < .008, η² = .16]. If the goal of the physical education program is to promote quality game play, the SEM may be more effective than the TS.     

体育教育领域心理学研究的演进

体育学习动力、体育学习心理、运动技能认知特征是21世纪初体育教育心理研究的三大主题。自我、成就目标动机,运动技能学习过程的认知特点,合作学习在体育教学中的应用和体育教师的心理特点,是近年来我国体育教育心理研究出现的新方向,涌现出了一批研究成果。对体育教育心理的应用性研究增多,基础理论探索也更加深入,尤其是认知心理实验方法在运动技能学习过程研究中的应用,提升了我国体育教育心理研究的水平。但在选题的理论依据、实验设计、测量工具检验、研究控制等方面还需加以改进和提高。     

The Effect of Gradual Self-Control of Task Difficulty and Feedback on Learning Golf Putting

ABSTRACT

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effect of gradual self-control of task difficulty and feedback on accuracy and movement pattern of the golf putting sport skill. Method: Sixty students were quasi-randomly assigned to four groups under a varying combination of the two factors of task difficulty control (self-controlled or yoked) and feedback control (self-controlled or yoked). The participants in the two groups (dual-factor gradual self-control and self-controlled task difficulty group) that granted control over task difficulty in the acquisition phase were told they could choose any of the pre-set distances from the target. All groups were given 100% feedback in the first half of the acquisition phase, but the participants in the two groups (dual-factor gradual self-control group and self-controlled feedback) that could control their feedback were told that in the second half of the acquisition phase they would be able to ask for feedback when needed. The practice schedule of each member of the dual-factor gradual self-control group was used as a basis to plan the practice of predetermined distances and feedback presentation to the corresponding participants in the yoked conditions. Results: ANOVA with repeated measures showed that the practice method involving gradual self-control of two factors had a positive impact on accuracy and movement pattern of golf putting in the retention and transfer tests compared to other methods (p_s < .05). Conclusion: The advantages of self-control practice presumably come from better adjustment of challenge points by the learner in the course of the practice.     

任务性质对反馈频率适宜值的影响

采用两维电脑追踪任务,探讨任务性质对反馈频率适宜值的影响。将大学生随机分为开放性任务和封闭性任务组,两组受试者分别在不同的反馈频率条件下,连续两天练习开放性或封闭性任务。结果显示:获得阶段,两组受试者的操作绩效随反馈频率增加呈提高趋势;任务性质与反馈频率适宜值存在交互作用;与封闭性任务相比,操作开放性任务时,应适当增加反馈的频率。提示:动作技能学习中,任务性质影响反馈频率适宜值。     

学校体育对大学生心理健康影响作用的研究

运用体育学、保健学、教育心理学和健康心理学等学科理论知识，采用文献资料研究、问卷调查和理论分析等研究方法，对当代大学生心理健康状况等进行了调查，探讨高校体育对大学生心理健康教育的积极影响，以及高校体育渗透心理健康教育的内容、途径与方法。     

观察和练习比例、任务复杂程度对运动技能学习的影响

采用实验法,探讨不同的观察学习和身体练习比例及任务复杂程度对追踪任务技能学习的影响.将受试分为简单任务学习组和复杂任务学习组,然后再根据比例将受试随机分为25%观察学习+75%身体练习组、50%观察学习+50%身体练习组及75%观察学习+25%身体练习组,进行为期3 d的计算机追踪任务学习.结果显示:对复杂任务学习而言,50%观察学习+50%身体练习比例的学习效果较好;对于简单任务学习而言,3种观察学习和身体练习比例的学习效果相同.     

论提高学生语言表达能力对体育教育的潜在作用

本文通过教学实验,以学生运动心理学教学的课堂提问形式来发展和培养学生的语言表达能力,从而促进学生的思维发展.经过教学实践发现,这一形式的教学不仅可以提高运动心理学课堂教学效果,而且促进了学生的语言表达能力,使学生的思维得到发展.从而使体育专业的学生在走上体育教育岗位上起到了潜在的积极性作用.     

Changes in Fundamental Motor-Skill Performance Following a Nine-Month Mastery Motivational Climate Intervention

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Children who do not learn their fundamental motor skills (FMS) are more likely to be unskilled, sedentary adults. By consequence, it behooves those teaching physical education to put in place mechanisms that promote as well as motivate children to master their FMS. One approach to achieving this goal is through the adoption of mastery motivational climates (MMC) in physical education. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a year-long (9-month) MMC physical education program on preschool children’s FMS learning. Method: Participants (N = 96, MMC = 58, Comparison = 38) completed the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition prior to and after intervention. Intact classrooms were randomly assigned to either a MMC or comparison group. A repeated measures nested MANOVA was used to test changes by group. Follow-up measurements included univariate repeated measures and simple effects analyses. Results: There were no significant multivariate differences based on class membership (p = .249), indicating the nested structure was not associated with any meaningful differences in test scores. There was a significant multivariate difference based on the interaction of time (pre- versus post-test) and group (p < .001). Both locomotor and ball skills significantly varied between groups and across time. Children in both groups improved from pre-test to post-test, but the rate of improvement was significantly greater for the MMC group. Conclusions: A year-long MMC intervention is beneficial for improving children’s FMS.     

新疆体育教育专业维吾尔族大学生体育学习动机的调查研究

新疆体育教育专业维吾尔族大学生的学习目的呈现出明确与多样性的特点;以任务目标定向为主,年级间差异具有显著性;师生关系影响着学生的学习兴趣,倾向独立完成学习任务;具有强烈的求知欲,但随年级增长有下降趋势。     

任务性质、观察学习和身体练习比例对运动技能学习的影响

观察使用计算机追踪任务探讨任务性质、观察学习和身体练习比例对运动技能学习的影响。72名受试划分为开放性任务学习组和封闭性任务学习组,然后再根据观察学习+身体练习比例将受试随机分为25%观察学习+75%身体练习组、50%观察学习+50%身体练习组、以及75%观察学习+25%身体练习组,进行为期3 d的计算机追踪任务学习。第3 d学习结束后,对所有受试进行即刻测试2、4 h后保持测试和迁移测试。结果显示:对于封闭性任务技能学习而言,50%观察学习+50%身体练习的比例所获得的学习效果好于25%观察学习+75%身体练习的比例和75%观察学习+25%身体练习的比例;对于开放性任务技能学习而言,25%观察学习+75%身体练习的比例所获得的学习效果好于75%观察学习+25%身体练习的比例;使用相同比例条件下,封闭性任务技能的学习效果好于开放性任务技能。     

当代体育明星崇拜现象产生的原因及社会影响

本文分析了当代体育明星崇拜这一社会现象产生的主要原因以及这种现象造成的社会影响。认为，对体育明星崇拜这种现象要积极引导并发挥它的积极作用，抑制它的消极作用。     

混合式学习模式下《体育心理学》教学要素分析

立足于《体育心理学》混合式学习模式特点,指出并分析该模式下教学要素特点和实施要求,旨在推动高校体育教学发展和《体育心理学》课程创新。     

影响体育专业学生运动技能形成的路径分析

从体育教学过程宏现层面上理解运动技能习得过程,试图重构运动技能形成的理论框架,并将影响运动技能形成的各因子转化为可操作性变量,运用AMOS数理统计软件,对开放性运动技能形成路径(以排球项目为实例)和混合性运动技能形戍路径(以背越式跳高为实例)进行分析.路径分析表明,无论是开放性运动技能学习还是混合性运动技能学习的过程,原有身体素质越高,运动技能学习掌握的程度越高;学习策略运用在混合性运动技能学习过程中作用系数为0,没有作用力,可能与该运动技能项目的特点有关,单纯的机械重复运动,缺乏一定的策略性;在开放性运动技能学习过程中,学习策略的作用力仅次于原有身体素质,总作用效应为0.198.     

The locus of focus: The effect of switching from a preferred to a non-preferred focus of attention

Abstract

Focusing strategies are known to play a significant role in motor performance, with individuals who use an internal focus on body movement typically showing poorer outcomes than those who focus on features of the external environment. Focus of attention and switching of one's focus are examined in the context of two different complex motor skills along with a factor not previously examined systematically, individual preference. In both experiments, participants were introduced to focusing strategies that might be employed when attempting a sensorimotor task. Explanations of both strategies were given to participants. Specifically, for an internal focus, participants were instructed to concentrate on their body movements, while for an external focus, they were instructed to focus on aspects in the environment. They were then asked which strategy they preferred. Participants then continued either with their preferred focus or were instructed to switch to their non-preferred focus. The advantage that the external focus typically enjoys turns out not to be a simple one and interacts with individual preference and with the “forced-opposite” manipulation. Our results support the growing consensus that encouraging individuals to adopt an internal focusing strategy is counterproductive in complex sensorimotor tasks. They also suggest that individual preferences play a role.     

田径投掷技术规律在教学中的运用

田径投掷项目不仅技术性强,且较复杂和难掌握。各项目的技术特点和形式虽不同,但它们的关键技术又有相同点,并有着共同的内在本质规律。寻找和把握它们之间共同的技术规律并在教学中加以合理运用,对提高教学效果有着重要的启发和指导作用。     

中学生体育心理障碍的现状及对策

在体育教学中 ,部分学生因自身身体素质差 ,体育基础差 ,心理因素不稳定 ,影响了教学效果和教学质量 ,探讨了如何消除学生的心理障碍 ,使学生在体育课教学中保持积极有信心的心理情绪 ,提高学生的学习动机和兴趣 ,提高完成动作的信心和勇气 ,从而达到提高体育课教学质量的目的。     

Accuracy and Prediction in Throwing: A Taxonomic Analysis of Children's Performance

Abstract

The throwing and prediction performances of first, third and fifth grade boys and girls were analyzed within the framework of a four-part taxonomy originally conceived by Fitts (1965). Throwing performance was assessed under task conditions which varied the motion states of the thrower's body and the target (stationary or moving) by use of a dual pendulum apparatus. Accuracy scores were highest in a condition where both body and target were stationary, and lowest where both body and target were moving. Task conditions requiring motion of only target or of body were of intermediate difficulty, and scores for these tasks were not significantly different from each other. There was evidence of learning across trial blocks for all tasks, but no indication that rates of acquisition differed for the task types. Likewise, significant main effects were observed for age levels but no age X task type interactions were disclosed. Boys were more accurate than girls across task conditions, most noticeably on the two most difficult tasks. Comparison of subjects' ability to predict, from a stationary body position, the coincidence of the moving target with a standard reference point, and their ability to predict the coincidence of their moving body with the same reference point revealed lower error scores on the former prediction task.